Toward an Understanding of Sports Consumers: A Sociological Perspective

It is apparent from the number of participants and spectators of sport that it is a pervasive institution in our society. The commercial interests associated with sport further attest to its social and financial importance, A number of sociological factors are helpful for understanding the attractiveness of sport to individual consumers as well as its mass appeal to spectators. On a personal level, the attraction to sport often reflects one\u27s previous sport experiences as well as the degree of involvement in other roles. Furthermore, individual participation and spectators are likely to be consumers of sport if their sport involvement serves to reinforce their self-esteem. Sport also appeals to many people in our society because of the assumption that it contributes to the achievement of basic social values. The emphasis on the ritualistic and festive aspects of sport and the excitement they generate also contribute its mass appeal

Pedestal bifurcation and resonant field penetration at the threshold of edge-localized mode suppression in the DIII-D tokamak

Rapid bifurcations in the plasma response to slowly varying n=2 magnetic fields are observed as the plasma transitions into and out of edge-localized mode (ELM) suppression. The rapid transition to ELM suppression is characterized by an increase in the toroidal rotation and a reduction in the electron pressure gradient at the top of the pedestal that reduces the perpendicular electron flow there to near zero. These events occur simultaneously with an increase in the inner-wall magnetic response. These observations are consistent with strong resonant field penetration of n=2 fields at the onset of ELM suppression, based on extended MHD simulations using measured plasma profiles. Spontaneous transitions into (and out of) ELM suppression with a static applied n=2 field indicate competing mechanisms of screening and penetration of resonant fields near threshold conditions. Magnetic measurements reveal evidence for the unlocking and rotation of tearinglike structures as the plasma transitions out of ELM suppression.This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Awards No. DE-FC02-04ER54698, No. DE-AC02-09CH11466, No. DE-FG02-07ER54917, No. DE-FG02-89ER53296, No. DE-FG02-08ER54999, No. DE-FG02-08ER54984, No. DE-AC05-00OR22725, No. DE-FG02-86ER53218, and No. DE-FG02- 92ER54139

High fusion performance in Super H-mode experiments on Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D

The 'Super H-Mode' regime is predicted to enable pedestal height and fusion performance substantially higher than standard H-Mode operation. This regime exists due to a bifurcation of the pedestal pressure, as a function of density, that is predicted by the EPED model to occur in strongly shaped plasmas above a critical pedestal density. Experiments on Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D have achieved access to the Super H-Mode (and Near Super H) regime, and obtained very high pedestal pressure, including the highest achieved on a tokamak (p ped ∼ 80 kPa) in C-Mod experiments operating near the ITER magnetic field. DIII-D Super H experiments have demonstrated strong performance, including the highest stored energy in the present configuration of DIII-D (W ∼ 2.2-3.2 MJ), while utilizing only about half of the available heating power (P heat ∼ 7-12 MW). These DIII-D experiments have obtained the highest value of peak fusion gain, Q DT,equiv ∼ 0.5, achieved on a medium scale (R < 2 m) tokamak. Sustained high performance operation (β N ∼ 2.9, H98 ∼ 1.6) has been achieved utilizing n = 3 magnetic perturbations for density and impurity control. Pedestal and global confinement has been maintained in the presence of deuterium and nitrogen gas puffing, which enables a more radiative divertor condition. A pair of simple performance metrics is developed to assess and compare regimes. Super H-Mode access is predicted for ITER and expected, based on both theoretical prediction and observed normalized performance, to allow ITER to achieve its goals (Q = 10) at I p < 15 MA, and to potentially enable more compact, cost effective pilot plant and reactor designs

Outcome of the First wwPDB Hybrid / Integrative Methods Task Force Workshop

Structures of biomolecular systems are increasingly computed by integrative modeling that relies on varied types of experimental data and theoretical information. We describe here the proceedings and conclusions from the first wwPDB Hybrid/Integrative Methods Task Force Workshop held at the European Bioinformatics Institute in Hinxton, UK, on October 6 and 7, 2014. At the workshop, experts in various experimental fields of structural biology, experts in integrative modeling and visualization, and experts in data archiving addressed a series of questions central to the future of structural biology. How should integrative models be represented? How should the data and integrative models be validated? What data should be archived? How should the data and models be archived? What information should accompany the publication of integrative models

Social aspects of sport

xiv, 350 p.; 21 cm

The Development of Self-Brand Connections in Children and Adolescents

Individuals use brands to create and communicate their self-concepts, thereby creating self-brand connections. Although this phenomenon is well documented among adult consumers, we know very little about the role of brands in defining, expressing, and communicating self-concepts in children and adolescents. In this article, we examine the age at which children begin to incorporate brands into their self-concepts and how these self-brand connections change in qualitative ways as children move into adolescence. In three studies with children 8-18 yr. of age, we find that self-brand connections develop in number and sophistication between middle childhood and early adolescence. (c) 2005 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc..