Assuming Identity: Material Exchange in Southeastern Euro-Indian Encounters, c. 1680 - 1750

From the beginning of colonisation, Southeastern Native Americans used and adapted European materials in to their day-to-day lives. In particular, textile exchange held a central place in Euro-Indian relations, with clothing and style used to express identity and judge character. This thesis explores the role of material in relations and personal identity, using inventories, travel accounts and art to explain the accumulation of items as well as the ways they were used. By looking at the development of trade and style from 1680 to 1750, the autonomy of Native Americans are illuminated as they were able to retain traditional markers of their identity, while also actively using and engaging with European textiles

Global Oceans

Global Oceans is one chapter from the State of the Climate in 2019 annual report and is avail-able from https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0105.1. Compiled by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate in 2019 is based on contr1ibutions from scien-tists from around the world. It provides a detailed update on global climate indicators, notable weather events, and other data collected by environmental monitoring stations and instru-ments located on land, water, ice, and in space. The full report is available from https://doi.org /10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

Global Oceans, BAMS State of the Climate in 2021, Chapter 3

Patterns of variability in ocean properties are often closely related to large-scale climate pattern indices, and 2021 is no exception. The year 2021 started and ended with La Niña conditions, charmingly dubbed a “double-dip” La Niña. Hence, stronger-than-normal easterly trade winds in the tropical south Pacific drove westward surface current anomalies in the equatorial Pacific; reduced sea surface temperature (SST) and upper ocean heat content in the eastern tropical Pacific; increased sea level, upper ocean heat content, and salinity in the western tropical Pacific; resulted in a rim of anomalously high chlorophyll-a (Chla) on the poleward and westward edges of the anomalously cold SST wedge in the eastern equatorial Pacific; and increased precipitation over the Maritime Continent. The Pacific decadal oscillation remained strongly in a negative phase in 2021, with negative SST and upper ocean heat content anomalies around the eastern and equatorial edges of the North Pacific and positive anomalies in the center associated with low Chla anomalies. The South Pacific exhibited similar patterns. Fresh anomalies in the northeastern Pacific shifted towards the west coast of North America. The Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) was weakly negative in 2021, with small positive SST anomalies in the east and nearly-average anomalies in the west. Nonetheless, upper ocean heat content was anomalously high in the west and lower in the east, with anomalously high freshwater flux and low sea surface salinities (SSS) in the east, and the opposite pattern in the west, as might be expected during a negative phase of that climate index. In the Atlantic, the only substantial cold anomaly in SST and upper ocean heat content persisted east of Greenland in 2021, where SSS was also low, all despite the weak winds and strong surface heat flux anomalies into the ocean expected during a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. These anomalies held throughout much of 2021. An Atlantic and Benguela Niño were both evident, with above-average SST anomalies in the eastern equatorial Atlantic and the west coast of southern Africa. Over much of the rest of the Atlantic, SSTs, upper ocean heat content, and sea level anomalies were above average. Anthropogenic climate change involves long-term trends, as this year’s chapter sidebars emphasize. The sidebars relate some of the latest IPCC ocean-related assessments (including carbon, the section on which is taking a hiatus from our report this year). This chapter estimates that SST increased at a rate of 0.16–0.19°C decade−1 from 2000 to 2021, 0–2000-m ocean heat content warmed by 0.57–0.73 W m−2 (applied over Earth’s surface area) from 1993 to 2021, and global mean sea level increased at a rate of 3.4 ± 0.4 mm yr−1 from 1993 to 2021. Global mean SST, which is more subject to interannual variations than ocean heat content and sea level, with values typically reduced during La Niña, was ~0.1°C lower in 2021 than in 2020. However, from 2020 to 2021, annual average ocean heat content from 0 to 2000 dbar increased at a rate of ~0.95 W m−2, and global sea level increased by ~4.9 mm. Both were the highest on record in 2021, and with year-on-year increases substantially exceeding their trend rates of recent decades

Face to Face: Euro-American Perceptions of Native American Head and Facial Appearance c. 1585 - 1850

This thesis evaluates the prominence and role of head and facial appearance in Euro-American framings of Native Americans from c. 1585 to 1850. While much has been written about the generalised characterisation of Native American appearances, less has been said about the specificity of head and facial appearance. This research refocuses the lens on an undervalued but important facet of appearance, in turn offering a greater insight into the dynamics of cultural encounters. It utilises an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating the teachings of Indigenous studies, art history, and medical history to provide a comprehensive insight into how facial appearance was understood. It explores a range of sources, tracking the depiction of Native Americans in portraiture, travel literature, and captivity narratives. In doing so, it centres the head as a critical site of Euro-American projections of Indigeneity across multiple regions and centuries, demonstrating how otherwise innocuous features were used to project a plethora of assumptions that still carry prevalence in the modern day. The scope of this thesis largely follows Anglo developments in America, starting with the establishment of Roanoke in 1585 and tracking the development of the United States through to 1850. Divided into five chronological chapters, this thesis explores the evolving understanding and treatment of facial appearance. Chapter One tracks depictions in text and artwork from 1585 to 1700 and offers an introduction to the key themes of the thesis, establishing how facial appearance was used by Europeans to frame ideas around culture, religion, and gender. Chapter Two explores the themes of materiality and physicality, focusing on the development of Atlantic trade from 1700 to 1735. It argues that the head remained positioned as an important site of performing identity, and head-based stylings did not change considerably, even while new materials were used and adapted by Native Americans. For their part, Europeans observed physical features of the Indigenous face in more detail, aiding developments in racialisation. Chapter Three, tracking depictions from 1735 to 1773, contends with how far racialisation affected Euro-American characterisations of Native American head and facial appearance. It considers the portrayal of individuals against generalised descriptions, demonstrating that individuals were rarely able to break free of stereotype. Chapter Four considers the establishment of the United States, highlighting the disparity between idealised imagery and 'real' observations of Native Americans between 1773 to 1815. Chapter Five highlights the role of head and facial appearance in cementing a homogenised and historical image of Indigeneity, exploring depictions from 1815 to 1850. This chapter asserts the position of head-based appearance in creating fictionalised figures, as well as its significance in physiognomic and racialised theories such as phrenology. Fundamentally, this thesis demonstrates head and facial appearance was central to Euro-American ideas of Indigeneity. In turn, Native Americans were ascribed certain behaviours and characteristics, which held long term consequences in how communities were understood and depicted

The diapycnal and isopycnal mixing experiment: a first assessment

The Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES) was designed as a multi-pronged US and UK CLIVAR effort to measure and to better understand diapycnal mixing and along-isopycnal eddy transport in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), because these processes together appear to play a key role in the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) (Gille et al, 2007). The project represents an unusual effort to evaluate simultaneously the roles of diapycnal and isopycnal mixing, and the program has benefited from close collaboration between observationalists, theoreticians and modelers. Fieldwork for DIMES began in early 2009, and the initial phase of the field observations is now wrapping up. This article provides a brief preliminary summary of early DIMES findings

State of the climate in 2020, Global Oceans

Global Oceans is one chapter from the State of the Climate in 2020 annual report and is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0083.1. Compiled by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate in 2020 is based on contributions from scientists from around the world. It provides a detailed update on global climate indicators, notable weather events, and other data collected by environmental monitoring stations and instruments located on land, water, ice, and in space. The full report is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/2021BAMSStateoftheClimate.

Global Oceans

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and heat transport (MHT) have been observed (Fig. 3.21) at several trans-basin and western boundary moored arrays (e.g., Frajka-Williams et al. 2019; Berx et al. 2021; Hummels et al. 2022), as well as by synthesizing in situ and satellite altimetry measurements at several latitudes (Hobbs and Willis 2012; Sanchez-Franks et al. 2021; Dong et al. 2021; Kersalé et al. 2021). Here we provide updates on the MOC and MHT estimates from the Rapid Climate Change/MOC and Heatflux Array/Western Boundary Time Series (RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS) moored array at 26.5°N and from the synthetic approach at 41°N and at several latitudes in the South Atlantic. While updates for the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program and the South Atlantic MOC Basin-wide Array at 34.5°S are pending, we report on recent advances in observing the variability of flows comprising the lower limb of the North Atlantic MOC, including the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE, 16°N)

OceanGliders: A Component of the Integrated GOOS

International audienceThe OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders contributes to the international efforts of the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) for Climate, Ocean Health, and Operational Services. It brings together marine scientists and engineers operating gliders around the world: (1) to observe the long-term physical, biogeochemical, and biological ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant for societal applications; and, (2) to contribute to the GOOS through real-time and delayed mode data dissemination. The OceanGliders program is distributed across national and regional observing systems and significantly contributes to integrated, multi-scale and multi-platform sampling strategies. OceanGliders shares best practices, requirements, and scientific knowledge needed for glider operations, data collection and analysis. It also monitors global glider activity and supports the dissemination of glider data through regional and global databases, in real-time and delayed modes, facilitating data access to the wider community. OceanGliders currently supports national, regional and global initiatives to maintain and expand the capabilities and application of gliders to meet key global challenges such as improved measurement of ocean boundary currents, water transformation and storm forecast