Structure and evolution of central and south Hadeland, the Oslo Region

The Oslo Region has been influenced by at least two major tectonic events: Contraction and formation of the Caledonian orogeny as a result of plate convergence and, later, extension and formation of the Oslo Graben in Permian. Hadeland, situated in the northern part of the region, has been of particular interest for geologist to understand the geological evolution of the Oslo Region. However, until recently, the folded and thrusted 425 Ma old sedimentary sequence which exhibits typical thin-skinned foreland structures has been difficult to map out in a desired quality due to poorly exposed outcrops. Also, the structural timing and evolution is not fully understood. Relatively new LiDAR data allow for diagnostic structural patterns to be exposed, and to review both LiDAR’s potential in bedrock mapping and Hadeland’s structural geology in a new light. Calcite samples have been obtained and dated utilizing their U-Pb relations in an attempt to uncover the structural evolution of the area as well as pinpointing exact dates for deformational events in the Oslo Region. Results from this thesis have produced a new 1:50 000 bedrock map covering central and south Hadeland. The map shows significant improvements to the existing map, clearly displaying the advantage provided by LiDAR data. Based on the new delineations, a geologic cross-section has been constructed, and new calculations of Caledonian shortening indicates a minimum of 30 % shortening of the affected strata by folding and thrusting. Seven out of 34 mounts sent for U-Pb dating proved datable but produced relatively inconclusive results with high uncertainties. Only one sample with an estimated age of 236 ± 39 Ma correlated with the Permian rifting. In summary, this thesis has shown the efficiencies and strengths of LiDAR data as a tool in bedrock mapping, but also some of the shortcomings. The new and improved bedrock map points toward a larger displacement caused by thrusting than previously thought, a finding which is likely due to the improved delineations introduced by LiDAR data in mapping. In addition, total shortening of the area is postulated to be in the range of 38-45 %, indicating that differences in shortening in the mid-Ordovician to Silurian successions might be larger from north to south than previously estimated in the region. While the majority of dated calcite samples are interpreted to be from reactivation of faults and fractures in the latest 35 Ma, successful dating of the Permian Rift indicates that the method may still have validity in the Oslo Region, but it requires a larger and more comprehensive field campaign.Masteroppgave i geovitenskapGEOV399MAMN-GEO

The effect of housing primiparous cows in a separate department post-partum

Førstegangskalvere blir ofte integrert direkte ut i gruppen med eldre melkekyr, noe som kan være en stor påkjenning både fysisk og psykisk. I den senere tid har interessen for å la førstegangskalvere gå i separat avdeling i tiden rundt kalving økt da flere fjøs i Norge med AMS har blitt bygget med en slik separat avdeling bak melkeroboten. Formålet med denne studien var å undersøke om en separat avdeling i fjøs med AMS hadde effekt på melkemengde per dag, melkingsfrekvens, daglig aktivitet, etetid og sosiale interaksjoner ved fôrbrettet de første ti dagene etter kalving hos førstegangskalvere. 20 førstegangskalvere (NRF og NRF/holstein-krysninger) ble fordelt på to grupper med ti dyr i hver. Den ene gruppen fikk gå i en separat avdeling bak melkeroboten (behandling A) mens den andre gruppen måtte gå i gruppen med melkekyr (behandling B). Førstegangskalverne ble satt inn i sin behandling 14 dager før forventet kalving. Ved kalving ble førstegangskalverne plassert i en kalvingsbinge, for så å bli returnert til sin respektive behandling 24-48 timer etter kalving. Data ble samlet fra dag tre til ti etter kalving. Aktivitets- og liggetidslogger ble festet på hvert individ, samtidig som data fra melkingshendelser samlet seg i programvaren til melkeroboten. Atferdsobservasjon ble gjennomført i 90 minutter under morgenfôring på dag syv etter kalving. Resultatene viste at førstegangskalverne i behandling B melket mer enn førstegangskalverne i behandling A (P<0,05), men at de brukte like lang tid i melkeroboten per melking. Dermed ble det funnet tendens til at melkingseffektiviteten (kg melk/min) var høyere i behandling B sammenlignet med behandling A (P<0,1). Førstegangskalverne i behandling B hadde flest frivillige besøk i melkeroboten, mens førstegangskalverne i behandling A oftest måtte hentes manuelt til melking (ikke signifikant forskjell). Det ble ikke funnet forskjell på melkingsfrekvens, melkingsintervall, andel avspark, ufullstendige melkinger, aktivitetsnivå og liggetid mellom behandlingene. Førstegangskalverne i behandling A hadde signifikant flere liggeperioder sammenlignet med behandling B (P<0,05) og liggeperiodene hadde en tendens til å være kortere i behandling A sammenlignet med behandling B (P<0,1). Det ble ikke funnet forskjell mellom behandlingene på tid brukt til å spise, men førstegangskalverne i behandling B ble utsatt for signifikant flere aggressive interaksjoner ved fôrbrettet sammenlignet med førstegangskalverne i behandling A (P<0,05). Det konkluderes med at færre aggressive interaksjon under fôring hos førstegangskalvere kan oppnås ved bruk av separat avdeling, men at separat avdeling ikke bidrar til hverken økt melkeproduksjon eller bedret liggeatferd. M-H

Changes in fruit and vegetable consumption habits from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy among Norwegian women

Background: A healthy diet is important for pregnancy outcome and the current and future health of woman and child. The aims of the study were to explore the changes from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy in consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV), and to describe associations with maternal educational level, body mass index (BMI) and age. Methods: Healthy nulliparous women were included in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery (NFFD) trial from September 2009 to February 2013, recruited from eight antenatal clinics in southern Norway. At inclusion, in median gestational week 15 (range 9–20), 575 participants answered a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) where they reported consumption of FV, both current intake and recollection of pre-pregnancy intake. Data were analysed using a linear mixed model. Results: The percentage of women consuming FV daily or more frequently in the following categories increased from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy: vegetables on sandwiches (13 vs. 17%, p <0.01), other vegetables (11 vs. 14%, p = 0.01), fruits (apples, pears, oranges or bananas) (24 vs. 41%, p < 0.01), other fruits and berries (8 vs. 15%, p < 0.01) and fruits and vegetables as snacks (14 vs. 28%, p < 0.01). The percentage of women who reported at least daily consumption of vegetables with dinner (22% at both time points) was stable. A higher proportion of older women increased their consumption of vegetables and fruits as snacks from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy compared to younger women (p=0.04). Conclusions: We found an increase in the proportion of women consuming FV daily or more frequently from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov database, NCT01001689. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT01001689?term=NCT01001689&rank=1. Keywords: Fruits, Preconception, Pregnancy, VegetablespublishedVersionNivå

The impact of diet during adolescence on the neonatal health of offspring:evidence on the importance of preconception diet. The HUNT study

Emerging evidence suggests that parents’ nutritional status before and at the time of conception influences the lifelong physical and mental health of their child. Yet little is known about the relationship between diet in adolescence and the health of the next generation at birth. This study examined data from Norwegian cohorts to assess the relationship between dietary patterns in adolescence and neonatal outcomes. Data from adolescents who participated in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (Young-HUNT) were merged with birth data for their offspring through the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Young-HUNT1 collected data from 8980 adolescents between 1995 and 1997. Linear regression was used to assess associations between adolescents’ diet and later neonatal outcomes of their offspring adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Analyses were replicated with data from the Young-HUNT3 cohort (dietary data collected from 2006 to 2008) and combined with Young-HUNT1 for pooled analyses. In Young-HUNT1, there was evidence of associations between dietary choices, meal patterns, and neonatal outcomes, these were similar in the pooled analyses but were attenuated to the point of nonsignificance in the smaller Young-HUNT3 cohort. Overall, energy-dense food products were associated with a small detrimental impact on some neonatal outcomes, whereas healthier food choices appeared protective. Our study suggests that there are causal links between consumption of healthy and unhealthy food and meal patterns in adolescence with neonatal outcomes for offspring some years later. The effects seen are small and will require even larger studies with more state-of-the-art dietary assessment to estimate these robustly

Adherence to the New Nordic Diet during pregnancy and subsequent maternal weight development:a study conducted in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)

AbstractThe rising prevalence of overweight and obesity is a worldwide public health challenge. Pregnancy and beyond is a potentially important window for future weight gain in women. We investigated associations between maternal adherence to the New Nordic diet (NND) during pregnancy and maternal BMI trajectories from delivery to 8 years post delivery. Data are from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort. Pregnant women from all of Norway were recruited between 1999 and 2008, and 55 056 are included in the present analysis. A previously constructed diet score, NND, was used to assess adherence to the diet. The score favours intake of Nordic fruits, root vegetables, cabbages, potatoes, oatmeal porridge, whole grains, wild fish, game, berries, milk and water. Linear spline multi-level models were used to estimate the association. We found that women with higher adherence to the NND pattern during pregnancy had on average lower post-partum BMI trajectories and slightly less weight gain up to 8 years post delivery compared with the lower NND adherers. These associations remained after adjustment for physical activity, education, maternal age, smoking and parity (mean diff at delivery (high v. low adherers): −0·3 kg/m2; 95 % CI −0·4, −0·2; mean diff at 8 years: −0·5 kg/m2; 95 % CI −0·6, −0·4), and were not explained by differences in energy intake or by exclusive breast-feeding duration. Similar patterns of associations were seen with trajectories of overweight/obesity as the outcome. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the NND may have beneficial properties to long-term weight regulation among women post-partum.</jats:p

Changes in beverage consumption from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study

Objective: To describe changes in consumption of different types of beverages from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy, and to examine associations with maternal age, educational level and BMI. Design: Cross-sectional design. Participants answered an FFQ at inclusion into a randomized controlled trial, the Fit for Delivery (FFD) trial, in median gestational week 15 (range: 9–20), reporting current consumption and in retrospect how often they drank the different beverages pre-pregnancy. Setting: Eight local antenatal clinics in southern Norway from September 2009 to February 2013. Subjects: Five hundred and seventy-five healthy pregnant nulliparous women. Results: Pre-pregnancy, 27% reported drinking alcohol at least once weekly, compared with none in early pregnancy (P<0·001). The percentage of women drinking coffee (38 % v. 10 %, P < 0·001), sugar-sweetened beverages (10 % v. 6 %, P=0·011) and artificially sweetened beverages (12% v. 9%, P=0·001) at least daily decreased significantly from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy, while the percentage of women who reported to drink water (85% v. 92%, P<0·001), fruit juice (14% v. 20%, P=0·001) and milk (37% v. 42%, P=0·001) at least daily increased significantly. From pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy higher educated women reduced their consumption frequency of coffee significantly more than women with lower education. Older women reduced their consump- tion frequency of coffee and artificially sweetened beverages and increased their consumption frequency of fruit juice and milk significantly more than younger women. Conclusions: There is a significant change in beverage consumption from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy among Norwegian nulliparous women. Keywords Beverage consumption Dietary change Pregnant womenpublishedVersio

Changes in mode of transportation to work or school from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study

Objective To describe changes in mode of transportation to work or school from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy, to describe levels of physical activity related to mode of transportation to work or school, and to examine associations between changes in mode of transportation to work or school and educational level, body mass index (BMI) and age. Methods Between September 2009 and February 2013, 575 healthy pregnant nulliparous women were included into the Norwegian Fit for Delivery (NFFD) trial. At inclusion they reported their current and their pre-pregnancy mode of transportation to work or school. Data were analysed by multilevel mixed models with dichotomized modes of transportation as dependent variables. Results There was a significant change towards less active transportation to work or school and a decrease in level of physical activity from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy, 58% used private transportation to work or school, compared to 64% in early pregnancy (p = 0.001). The percentage of women who biked (11% v. 5%, p < 0.001) decreased significantly from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy. Conclusions In this sample of Norwegian women there was a significant change towards less active transportation to work or school and lower levels of physical activity from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy. Keywords: Active transportation, Biking, Commuting, IPAQ, MET-score, Physical activity, Pregnancy, Private transportation, Public transportation, WalkingpublishedVersio

Change in active transportation and weight gain in pregnancy

Background: Pregnancy is characterised by large weight gain over a short period, and often a notable change in mode of transportation. This makes pregnancy suitable for examining the plausible, but in the scientific literature still unclear, association between active transportation and weight gain. We hypothesize that women continuing an active mode of transportation to work or school from pre- to early pregnancy will have a lower gestational weight gain (GWG) than those who change to a less active mode of transportation. Methods: We analysed prospective data from the Norwegian Fit for Delivery (NFFD) trial. Between September 2009 and February 2013 606 women were consecutively enrolled in median gestational week 16 (range; 8–20). Of 219 women who used an active mode of transportation (biking, walking, public transportation) pre-pregnancy, 66 (30 %) converted to a less active mode in early pregnancy (“active-less active” group), and 153 (70 %) continued with active transportation (“active-active” group). Pre-pregnancy weight was self-reported. Weight at gestational (GA) weeks 16, 30, 36, and at term delivery was objectively measured. Weight gain was compared between the two groups. Linear mixed effects analysis of the repeated weight measures was performed including the group*time interaction. Results: A significant overall group effect was observed for the four time points together (“active-active” group: 77.3 kg vs. “active-less active” group: 78.8 kg, p = 0.008). The interaction term group*time was significant indicating different weight gain throughout pregnancy for the two groups; the mean differences between the groups were 0.7 kg at week 16, 1.4 kg at week 30, 2.1 kg at week 36, and 2.2 kg at term delivery, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicate that active transportation is one possible approach to prevent excessive weight gain in pregnancy. Keywords: Active transportation, Biking, BMI, Pregnancy, Public transportation, Walking, Weight gainpublishedVersio

"To suffer in paradise": feelings mothers share on portuguese Facebook sites

Background: Motherhood is an emotional rollercoaster. This is overlooked by most literature, which tends to refer mothers' pathological states of postpartum depression and anxiety, mainly seeking to understand their causes or predicting factors, and consequences on children's development. Objective: In this study, we aim to observe the diversity of mothers' emotional states, and to analyze both positive and negative feelings they disclose on specific public and closed motherhood sites on Facebook. We hypothesize that the intensive motherhood model is prevalent in Portuguese society, thus influencing the type of feelings and circumstances in which mothers disclose them. Methods: We collected posts and comments from the four most popular Portuguese Facebook motherhood sites during 2015 and, then, conducted a quantitative and content analysis to identify the expressed range of feelings concerning motherhood. Results: Mothers preferably share their positive feelings on public pages, whereas negative feelings are shared more in closed groups (CGs). Expressed positive and negative feelings were significantly different whether we look at normative or non-normative, public or closed sites. Discussion: We assume that motherhood sites on Portuguese Facebook reflect an intensive motherhood model that is normative in Portuguese society. Positive feelings toward children are promoted and openly shared in public normative sites, while negative feelings concerning motherhood are dealt with in the privacy of CGs. We propose an extensive motherhood model to overcome this duality and to allow women to pursue several different social roles simultaneously in an equally rewarding way.First author’s Ph.D., including this research and the preparation of this article, was supported by a grant from the Portuguese national funding agency for science, research, and technology FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/110262/2015)

Women's dietary changes before and during pregnancy: A systematic review

Background: dietary intake before and during pregnancy has significant health outcomes for both mother and child, including a healthy gestational weight gain. To ensure effective interventions are successfully developed to improve dietary intake during pregnancy, it is important to understand what dietary changes pregnant women make without intervention. Aims: to systematically identify and review studies examining women's dietary changes before and during pregnancy and to identify characteristics of the women making these changes. Methods: a systematic search strategy was employed using three databases (Web of Science, CINAHL and PubMed) in May 2016. Search terms included those relating to preconception, pregnancy and diet. All papers were quality assessed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodology checklist for cohort studies.The search revealed 898 articles narrowed to full-text review of 23 studies. In total, 11 research articles were included in the review, describing nine different studies. The findings were narratively summarised in line with the aims of the review. Findings: the included studies showed marked heterogeneity, which impacts on the findings. However, the majority report an increase in energy intake (kcal or kJ) during pregnancy. Of the studies that reported changes through food group comparisons, a majority reported a significant increase in fruit and vegetable consumption, a decrease in egg consumption, a decrease in fried and fast food consumption and a decrease in coffee and tea consumption from before to during pregnancy. The characteristics of the women participating in these studies, suggest that age, education and pregnancy intention are associated with healthier dietary changes; however these factors were only assessed in a small number of studies. Key conclusions: the 11 included articles show varied results in dietary intake during pregnancy as compared to before. More research is needed regarding who makes these healthy changes, this includes consistency regarding measurement tools, outcomes and time points. Implications for practice: Midwives as well as intervention developers need to be aware of the dietary changes women may spontaneously engage in when becoming pregnant, so that care and interventions can build on these