Perfil soro-epidemiológico da hepatite b nas localidades de cachoeira de Teotônio e vila amazonas, Porto Velho/RO - Brasil

Dissertação de mestrado apresentada à Universidade Federal de Rondônia – UNIR, para obtenção do título de Mestre pelo Curso de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental.O vírus da hepatite B (VHB) tem distribuição mundial e estima-se em mais de dois bilhões o número de pessoas com evidência sorológica de infecção passada ou presente, e destes, 350 milhões são portadores crônicos deste vírus. Em duas localidades ribeirinhas do município de Porto Velho, Rondônia, foi realizado um estudo observacional de corte transversal para avaliar o perfil soroepidemiológico do VHB e possíveis fatores de risco de transmissão. Foram analisadas 660 amostras através de exames sorológicos por ELISA para o VHB (Anti-HBc Total, Anti-HBs e HBsAg). Os resultados mostraram que 50,7% das amostras apresentaram positividade para algum tipo de marcador sorológico. O HBsAg esteve presente em 12 (1,8%) amostras, sendo 11 (91,6%) do sexo masculino; O Anti-HBc Total presente em 209 (32,1%) amostras e distribuído em todas as faixas etárias, com exceção da faixa de 11-15 anos de idade; Anti-HBs presente em 239 (36,6%) das amostras, com as maiores prevalências nas faixas etárias a partir dos 21 anos de idade. O estudo permitiu observar que as localidades analisadas possuem baixa endemicidade para portadores crônicos. Entretanto, observou-se uma alta prevalência para infecção. A porcentagem de indivíduos susceptíveis foi de 49,2% (n=325), sendo maiores entre indivíduos entre 6-15 anos de idade. A análise das informações obtidas entre os participantes do estudo demonstrou que alguns fatores de transmissão, como extrações dentárias, cirurgias e compartilhamento de materiais de higiene pessoal estão possivelmente associados à infecção pelo VHB na região analisad

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Perfil seroepidemiológico de la hepatitis B en localidades ribereñas del río Madeira, en Porto Velho, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil

Submitted by EMERSON LEAL ([email protected]) on 2016-01-14T21:03:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Perfil soroepidemiológico da hepatite B.pdf: 1072333 bytes, checksum: 865c4965b272db3e216162195404ce49 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by EMERSON LEAL ([email protected]) on 2016-01-14T21:14:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Perfil soroepidemiológico da hepatite B.pdf: 1072333 bytes, checksum: 865c4965b272db3e216162195404ce49 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-14T21:14:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Perfil soroepidemiológico da hepatite B.pdf: 1072333 bytes, checksum: 865c4965b272db3e216162195404ce49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical. Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical. Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz de Rondônia. Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz de Rondônia. Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz de Rondônia. Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz de Rondônia. Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.Em duas localidades ribeirinhas do Município de Porto Velho, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil, foi realizado um estudo observacional, de corte transversal, para avaliar o perfil soroepidemiológico do vírus da hepatite B (VHB) e possíveis fatores de risco na transmissão. Foram analisadas 660 amostras, por meio de exames sorológicos pelo método ELISA, para o VHB (anti-HBc total, anti-HBs e HBsAg). Os resultados mostraram que 50,7% (335) das amostras apresentaram positividade para algum tipo de marcador sorológico. O HBsAg foi reagente em 12 (1,8%) amostras, sendo 11 (91,6%) oriundas de indivíduos do sexo masculino. O anti-HBc total reagente ocorreu em 212 (32,1%) das amostras e distribuído em todas as faixas etárias, com exceção da faixa de 11 a 16 anos de idade. O anti-HBs reagente esteve presente em 239 (36,2%) das amostras, com as maiores prevalências nos grupos etários a partir dos 21 anos de idade. O estudo permitiu observar que as localidades analisadas possuem baixa endemicidade para portadores crônicos, entretanto observou-se uma alta prevalência para a infecção. A porcentagem de indivíduos suscetíveis foi de 49,2% (325), sendo maior entre indivíduos entre 6 e 15 anos de idade. Os fatores de transmissão, como extrações dentárias, cirurgias e compartilhamento de materiais de higiene pessoal estão possivelmente associados à infecção pelo VHB na região analisada. Além disso, a baixa porcentagem do marcador anti-HBs direciona para uma falha na cobertura vacinal na população avaliada no presente estudo.It was conducted an observational study in two villages in Porto Velho, Rondônia State, Brazil, in order to evaluate the seroepidemiological profile of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the risk factors in its transmission. Six hundred sixty samples were analyzed by ELISA method for serological tests for HBV (anti-HBc total, anti-HBs and HBsAg). The results showed that 50.7% (335) of samples were positive for some kind of serological marker. HBsAg was positive in 12 (1.8%) samples, 11 (91.6%) were from male ones. Anti-HBc total was positive in 212 (32.1%) samples distributed in all groups, except for the range of 11 to 16 years old. Anti-HBs was positive in 239 (36.2%) samples with the highest prevalence in groups over 21 years old. This study showed that the analyzed locations have low endemicity for chronic HBV carriers, however, there was a high prevalence of infection. The percentage of susceptible individuals was 49.2% (325), the highest was in individuals between 6 to 15 years old. Aspects of transmission such as dental extractions, surgeries and sharing personal hygiene materials are possibly associated with HBV infection in the analyzed region. Furthermore, the low percentage of anti-HBs marker indicates an immunization coverage failure in the population of this study.En dos localidades ribereñas de Porto Velho, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil, se realizó un estudio transversal de observación para evaluar el perfil seroepidemiológico del virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) y los posibles factores de riesgo para la transmisión. Se analizaron 660 muestras por ELISA realizando pruebas serológicas de VHB (anti-HBc total, anti-HBs y HBsAg). Los resultados mostraron que el 50,7% (335) de las muestras fueron positivas para algún tipo de marcador serológico. HBsAg fue positivo en 12 (1,8%) muestras, 11 (91,6%) eran hombres. Anti-HBc total reactivo ocurrió en 212 (32,1%) muestras y se distribuye en todos los grupos de edad, excepto la franja entre los 11 y los 16 años de edad. El reactivo anti-HBs estuvo presente en 239 (36,2%) muestras, con mayor prevalencia en los grupos de edad a partir de los 21 años. Este estudio mostró que las localidades analizadas tienen una baja endemicidad para portadores crónicos, sin embargo, se observó alta prevalencia de la infección. El porcentaje de individuos susceptibles fue de 49,2% (325), siendo mayor entre las personas de 6 a 15 años de edad. Los factores de transmisión, tales como extracciones dentales, cirugías y el compartido de materiales de higiene personal, están posiblemente asociados a la infección por el VHB en la región analizada. Además, el bajo porcentaje del marcador anti-HBs lo dirige a un fallo en la cobertura de vacunación en la población de este estudio

Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

NERC Knowledge Exchange Fellowship (NE/V018760/1) to E.N.H.C.The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we report that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme temperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree responses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the biomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming indistinguishable from zero (−0.02 ± 0.37 Mg C ha−1 per year). However, intact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the extreme 2015–2016 El Niño than to previous less intense events, remaining a key defence against climate change as long as they are protected.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

Funder: A Moore Foundation grant, Royal Society Global Challenges grant (Sensitivity of Tropical Forest Ecosystem Services to Climate Changes), CNPq grants (441282/2016-4, 403764/2012-2 and 558244/2009-2), FAPEAM grants 1600/2006, 465/2010 and PPFOR 147/2015, CNPq grants 473308/2009-6 and 558320/2009-0. European Research Council (ERC Advanced Grant 291585 – ‘T-FORCES’), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (#1656 ‘RAINFOR’, and ‘MonANPeru’), the European Union’s Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Framework Programme (EVK2-CT-1999-00023 – ‘CARBONSINK-LBA’, 283080 – ‘GEOCARBON’, 282664 – ‘AMAZALERT), the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/ D005590/1 – ‘TROBIT’, NE/F005806/1 – ‘AMAZONICA’, E/M0022021/1 - ‘PPFOR’), several NERC Urgency and New Investigators Grants, the NERC/State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) consortium grants ‘BIO-RED’ (NE/N012542/1), ‘ECOFOR’ (NE/K016431/1, 2012/51872-5, 2012/51509-8), ‘ARBOLES’ (NE/S011811/1, FAPESP 2018/15001-6), ‘SEOSAW’ (NE/P008755/1), ‘SECO’ (NE/T01279X/1), Brazilian National Research Council (PELD/CNPq 403710/2012-0), the Royal Society (University Research Fellowships and Global challenges Awards) (ICA/R1/180100 - ‘FORAMA’), the National Geographic Society, US National Science Foundation (DEB 1754647) and Colombia’s Colciencias. We thank the National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq) for support to the Cerrado/Amazonia Transition Long-Term Ecology Project (PELD/441244/2016-5), the PPBio Phytogeography of Amazonia/Cerrado Transition Project (CNPq/PPBio/457602/2012-0), PELD-RAS (CNPq, Process 441659/2016-0), RESFLORA (Process 420254/2018-8), Synergize (Process 442354/2019-3), the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – Embrapa (SEG: 02.08.06.005.00), the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP (2012/51509-8 and 2012/51872-5), the Goiás Research Foundation (FAPEG/PELD: 2017/10267000329) the EcoSpace Project (CNPq 459941/2014-3) and several PVE and Productivity Grants. We also thank the “Investissement d’Avenir” program (CEBA, ref. ANR-10LABX-25-01), the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 03/12595-7) and the Sustainable Landscapes Brazil Project (through Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), the US Forest Service, USAID, and the US Department of State) for supporting plot inventories in the Atlantic Forest sites in Sao Paulo, Brazil. L.E.O.C.A. was supported by CNPq (processes 305054/2016-3 and 442371/2019-5). We thank to the National Council for Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) for the financial support of the PELD project (441244/2016-5, 441572/2020-0) and FAPEMAT (0346321/2021). NE/B503384/1, NE/N012542/1 - ‘BIO-RED’, ERC Advanced Grant 291585 - ‘T-FORCES’, NE/F005806/1 - ‘AMAZONICA’, NE/N004655/1 - ‘TREMOR’, NERC New Investigators Awards, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (‘RAINFOR’, ‘MonANPeru’), ERC Starter Grant 758873 -‘TreeMort’, EU Framework 6, a Royal Society University Research Fellowship, and a Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship.The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we report that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme temperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree responses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the biomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming indistinguishable from zero (−0.02 ± 0.37 Mg C ha−1 per year). However, intact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the extreme 2015–2016 El Niño than to previous less intense events, remaining a key defence against climate change as long as they are protected

Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

Funder: A Moore Foundation grant, Royal Society Global Challenges grant (Sensitivity of Tropical Forest Ecosystem Services to Climate Changes), CNPq grants (441282/2016-4, 403764/2012-2 and 558244/2009-2), FAPEAM grants 1600/2006, 465/2010 and PPFOR 147/2015, CNPq grants 473308/2009-6 and 558320/2009-0. European Research Council (ERC Advanced Grant 291585 - 'T-FORCES'), the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (#1656 'RAINFOR', and 'MonANPeru'), the European Union's Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Framework Programme (EVK2-CT-1999-00023 - 'CARBONSINK-LBA', 283080 - 'GEOCARBON', 282664 - 'AMAZALERT), the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/ D005590/1 - 'TROBIT', NE/F005806/1 - 'AMAZONICA', E/M0022021/1 - 'PPFOR'), several NERC Urgency and New Investigators Grants, the NERC/State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) consortium grants 'BIO-RED' (NE/N012542/1), 'ECOFOR' (NE/K016431/1, 2012/51872-5, 2012/51509-8), 'ARBOLES' (NE/S011811/1, FAPESP 2018/15001-6), 'SEOSAW' (NE/P008755/1), 'SECO' (NE/T01279X/1), Brazilian National Research Council (PELD/CNPq 403710/2012-0), the Royal Society (University Research Fellowships and Global challenges Awards) (ICA/R1/180100 - 'FORAMA'), the National Geographic Society, US National Science Foundation (DEB 1754647) and Colombia's Colciencias. We thank the National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq) for support to the Cerrado/Amazonia Transition Long-Term Ecology Project (PELD/441244/2016-5), the PPBio Phytogeography of Amazonia/Cerrado Transition Project (CNPq/PPBio/457602/2012-0), PELD-RAS (CNPq, Process 441659/2016-0), RESFLORA (Process 420254/2018-8), Synergize (Process 442354/2019-3), the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria - Embrapa (SEG: 02.08.06.005.00), the Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo - FAPESP (2012/51509-8 and 2012/51872-5), the Goias Research Foundation (FAPEG/PELD: 2017/10267000329) the EcoSpace Project (CNPq 459941/2014-3) and several PVE and Productivity Grants. We also thank the "Investissement d'Avenir" program (CEBA, ref. ANR-10LABX-25-01), the Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 03/12595-7) and the Sustainable Landscapes Brazil Project (through Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), the US Forest Service, USAID, and the US Department of State) for supporting plot inventories in the Atlantic Forest sites in Sao Paulo, Brazil. L.E.O.C.A. was supported by CNPq (processes 305054/2016-3 and 442371/2019-5). We thank to the National Council for Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) for the financial support of the PELD project (441244/2016-5, 441572/2020-0) and FAPEMAT (0346321/2021). NE/B503384/1, NE/N012542/1 - 'BIO-RED', ERC Advanced Grant 291585 - 'T-FORCES', NE/F005806/1 - 'AMAZONICA', NE/N004655/1 - 'TREMOR', NERC New Investigators Awards, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation ('RAINFOR', 'MonANPeru'), ERC Starter Grant 758873 -'TreeMort', EU Framework 6, a Royal Society University Research Fellowship, and a Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship.AbstractThe tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we report that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme temperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree responses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the biomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming indistinguishable from zero (−0.02 ± 0.37 Mg C ha−1 per year). However, intact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the extreme 2015–2016 El Niño than to previous less intense events, remaining a key defence against climate change as long as they are protected.</jats:p

Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

Abstract: The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we report that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme temperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree responses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the biomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming indistinguishable from zero (−0.02 ± 0.37 Mg C ha−1 per year). However, intact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the extreme 2015–2016 El Niño than to previous less intense events, remaining a key defence against climate change as long as they are protected