Motivation and Commitment to Activism: A Group Differential Approach to Investigating Motivation and Motivational Change Among Black and Latinx Adolescents Across High School

Thesis advisor: Scott C. SeiderEngagement in sociopolitical activism, such as protesting, has important implications for youth of color and for the communities in which they live (Ballard & Ozer, 2016; Ginwright, 2010; Hope & Spencer, 2017). Critical Consciousness (CC; Freire, 1970/1998; Watts et al., 2011) and Youth Sociopolitical Development Theory (Youth SPD; Watts & Flanagan, 2007) are two prominent frameworks for investigating sociopolitical activism among youth of color. Although both frameworks position motivation as one of the key factors influencing youth activism, motivation is narrowly defined as a single construct—one’s sense of efficacy to effect change. Using motivation constructs from two established motivation frameworks, Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2008; Ryan & Deci, 2000) and Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT; Higgins, 1997), this dissertation investigated the multidimensional nature of motivation in relation to Black and Latinx adolescents’ commitment to activism. Drawing from a longitudinal data set examining Black and Latinx adolescents’ civic development over four years of high school (N = 733), I used group differential approaches (latent profile analysis, latent profile transition analysis, and latent profile moderation) to (a) identify distinct combinations of motivations among Black and Latinx high school students in ninth, tenth, and twelfth grade, (b) assess whether and the extent to which adolescents changed profile membership across high school, (c) examine motivation profiles in tenth grade as predictors of commitment to activism in twelfth grade, and (d) examine motivation profiles in tenth grade as moderators of the relation between adolescents’ analysis of social problems in tenth grade and their commitment to activism addressing these problems in twelfth grade (controlling for their initial commitment to activism). I identified two motivation profiles in ninth grade, four motivation profiles in tenth grade, and four motivation profiles in twelfth grade. At both tenth and twelfth grade, I named the motivation profiles: “Low Motivation,” “High Motivation,” “Moderate Motivation, Low Autonomy,” and “Moderate Motivation, High Autonomy.” At both time points, the “Low Motivation” profile comprised the smallest proportion of the sample and the “Moderate Motivation, High Autonomy” profile comprised the largest proportion of the sample. Most youth shifted to a different motivation profile over time. Adolescents in the “High Motivation” profile at the end of tenth grade reported the highest average commitment to activism at the end of twelfth grade; however, this number was only statistically significantly higher than the “Moderate Motivation, Low Autonomy” profile. Contrary to expectations, youths’ social analysis in tenth grade was not predictive of their commitment to activism in twelfth grade; thus, there was no latent profile moderation in relation to social analysis and commitment to activism. Instead, I did find evidence that motivation profile membership moderated the relation between commitment to activism at the end of tenth grade on commitment to activism at the end of twelfth grade. Overall, results suggest that adolescents’ motivation is multidimensional and incredibly dynamic. Future CC/Youth SPD research should consider investigating a more complete set of established motivation constructs in relation to youths’ sociopolitical development.Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022.Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education.Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology

Whos\u27s Wonderful - Who\u27s Marvelous Miss Annabelle Lee

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/7255/thumbnail.jp

Pleasure Mad

With ukulele arrangement. Contains advertisements and/or short musical examples of pieces being sold by publisher.https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/6831/thumbnail.jp

Subject Retention in Prehospital Stroke Research Using a Telephone-Based Physician-Investigator Driven Enrollment Method.

Background and purposeSubject retention into clinical trials is vital, and prehospital enrollment may be associated with higher rates of subject withdrawal than more traditional methods of enrollment. We describe rates of subject retention in a prehospital trial of acute stroke therapy.MethodsAll subjects were enrolled into the NIH Field Administration of Stroke Therapy-Magnesium (FAST-MAG) phase 3 clinical trial. Paramedics screened eligible subjects and contacted the physician-investigator using a dedicated in-ambulance cellular phone. Physician-investigators obtained explicit informed consent from the subject or on-scene legally authorized representative (LAR) who reviewed and signed a consent form. Exception from informed consent (EFIC) was utilized in later stages of the study.ResultsThere were 1,700 subjects enrolled; 1,017 provided consent (60%), 662 were enrolled via LAR (39%), and 21 were enrolled via EFIC (1%). Of the 1,700 patients, 1,413 (83%) completed the 90-day visit, 265 (16%) died prior to the 90-day visit, and 22 (1.3%) withdrew from the study before completion. There were no differences in rates of withdrawal by method of study enrolment, i.e., self-consent (n = 14), 1.4%; LAR (n = 8), 1.2%; EFIC (n = 0) 0%.ConclusionThere was a high rate of retention when subjects were enrolled into prehospital stroke research using a phone-based method to obtain explicit consent

The role of "costs" in political choice: a review

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67848/2/10.1177_002200276300700209.pd

Marked Circadian Variation in Number and Type of Hyperacute Strokes During the 24 Hour Day-Night Cycle

Introduction: Circadian variations in stroke onset provide critical information for the allocation of pre-hospital and hospital resources in clinical care. Confining analysis to patients with defined onset in waking and clearly distinguished ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes, would substantial benefit our understanding of stroke etiology. Methods: We analyzed patients enrolled in the NIH FAST-MAG phase 3 trial of field-initiated neuroprotective agents in patients with hyperacute stroke within 2h of onset. Onset times were analyzed in 1h time blocks throughout the 24h day-night cycle. Patient demographic and clinical features, medical history, imaging characteristics, and stroke deficit severity were correlated with onset times. Results: Among 1632 patients, final diagnoses were acute cerebral ischemia in 76.2% and intracranial hemorrhage in 23.7%. Acute cerebral ischemia (ACI) had a unimodal distribution with peak onset at midday (12:00-12:59); intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) a bimodal distribution with peaks at mid-morning (08:00-08:59) and early evening (18:00-18:59). Events were markedly reduced in early morning, with only 3.4% starting in the first 25% of the day. The proportion of hemorrhagic was higher in the first 8h of the day (00:00-07:59) than the remaining 16h, 33.3% vs 22.5%, p=0.006. ACI and ICH patients displayed fairly homogeneous vascular risk factors, presenting deficit severity, and initial brain imaging findings across all time periods. Discussion: There is marked, more than 10-fold, circadian variation in onset of acute cerebrovascular disease, and circadian variation in the ratio of ischemic to hemorrhagic neurovascular events. These findings can inform resource planning for regional systems of acute stroke care

AIDS virus–specific CD8+ T lymphocytes against an immunodominant cryptic epitope select for viral escape

Cryptic major histocompatibility complex class I epitopes have been detected in several pathogens, but their importance in the immune response to AIDS viruses remains unknown. Here, we show that Mamu-B*17+ simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239-infected rhesus macaques that spontaneously controlled viral replication consistently made strong CD8+ T lymphocyte (CD8-TL) responses against a cryptic epitope, RHLAFKCLW (cRW9). Importantly, cRW9-specific CD8-TL selected for viral variation in vivo and effectively suppressed SIV replication in vitro, suggesting that they might play a key role in the SIV-specific response. The discovery of an immunodominant CD8-TL response in elite controller macaques against a cryptic epitope suggests that the AIDS virus–specific cellular immune response is likely far more complex than is generally assumed

CD8+ T Cells from SIV Elite Controller Macaques Recognize Mamu-B*08-Bound Epitopes and Select for Widespread Viral Variation

Background. It is generally accepted that CD8(+) T cell responses play an important role in control of immunodeficiency virus replication. the association of HLA-B27 and -B57 with control of viremia supports this conclusion. However, specific correlates of viral control in individuals expressing these alleles have been difficult to define. We recently reported that transient in vivo CD8(+) cell depletion in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected elite controller (EC) macaques resulted in a brief period of viral recrudescence. SIV replication was rapidly controlled with the reappearance of CD8(+) cells, implicating that these cells actively suppress viral replication in ECs. Methods and Findings. Here we show that three ECs in that study made at least seven robust CD8(+) T cell responses directed against novel epitopes in Vif, Rev, and Nef restricted by the MHC class I molecule Mamu-B*08. Two of these Mamu-B*08-positive animals subsequently lost control of SIV replication. Their breakthrough virus harbored substitutions in multiple Mamu-B*08-restricted epitopes. Indeed, we found evidence for selection pressure mediated by Mamu-B*08-restricted CD8(+) T cells in all of the newly identified epitopes in a cohort of chronically infected macaques. Conclusions. Together, our data suggest that Mamu-B*08-restricted CD8(+) T cell responses effectively control replication of pathogenic SIV(mac)239. All seven regions encoding Mamu-B*08-restricted CD8(+) T cell epitopes also exhibit amino acid replacements typically seen only in the presence of Mamu-B*08, suggesting that the variation we observe is indeed selected by CD8(+) T cell responses. SIVmac239 infection of Indian rhesus macaques expressing Mamu-B*08 may therefore provide an animal model for understanding CD8(+) T cell-mediated control of HIV replication in humans.National Institutes of Health (NIH)National Center for Research Resources (NCRR)Japan Health Sciences FoundationKent State University Research CouncilOhio Board of Regents Research ChallengeResearch Facilities ImprovementUniv Wisconsin, WNPRC, Madison, WI 53706 USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Infect Dis, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Wisconsin, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Madison, WI USALa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Div Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla, CA USAUniv Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Weatherall Inst Mol Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, EnglandKent State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Kent, OH 44242 USAUniv S Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USAUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Infect Dis, São Paulo, BrazilNational Institutes of Health (NIH): HHSN266200400088CNational Institutes of Health (NIH): R01 AI049120National Institutes of Health (NIH): R01 AI052056National Institutes of Health (NIH): R24 RR015371National Institutes of Health (NIH): R24 RR016038National Institutes of Health (NIH): R21 AI068586National Center for Research Resources (NCRR): P51 RR000167Japan Health Sciences Foundation: GM43940Research Facilities Improvement: RR15459-01Research Facilities Improvement: RR020141-01Web of Scienc

LSST Science Book, Version 2.0

A survey that can cover the sky in optical bands over wide fields to faint magnitudes with a fast cadence will enable many of the exciting science opportunities of the next decade. The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will have an effective aperture of 6.7 meters and an imaging camera with field of view of 9.6 deg^2, and will be devoted to a ten-year imaging survey over 20,000 deg^2 south of +15 deg. Each pointing will be imaged 2000 times with fifteen second exposures in six broad bands from 0.35 to 1.1 microns, to a total point-source depth of r~27.5. The LSST Science Book describes the basic parameters of the LSST hardware, software, and observing plans. The book discusses educational and outreach opportunities, then goes on to describe a broad range of science that LSST will revolutionize: mapping the inner and outer Solar System, stellar populations in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, the structure of the Milky Way disk and halo and other objects in the Local Volume, transient and variable objects both at low and high redshift, and the properties of normal and active galaxies at low and high redshift. It then turns to far-field cosmological topics, exploring properties of supernovae to z~1, strong and weak lensing, the large-scale distribution of galaxies and baryon oscillations, and how these different probes may be combined to constrain cosmological models and the physics of dark energy.Comment: 596 pages. Also available at full resolution at http://www.lsst.org/lsst/sciboo

LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta<+34.5^\circ$, and will be imaged multiple times in six bands, $ugrizy$, covering the wavelength range 320--1050 nm. About 90\% of the observing time will be devoted to a deep-wide-fast survey mode which will uniformly observe a 18,000 deg$^2$ region about 800 times (summed over all six bands) during the anticipated 10 years of operations, and yield a coadded map to $r\sim27.5$. The remaining 10\% of the observing time will be allocated to projects such as a Very Deep and Fast time domain survey. The goal is to make LSST data products, including a relational database of about 32 trillion observations of 40 billion objects, available to the public and scientists around the world.Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overvie