Adaptive computation of multiscale entropy and its application in EEG signals for monitoring depth of anesthesia during surgery

Entropy as an estimate of complexity of the electroencephalogram is an effective parameter for monitoring the depth of anesthesia (DOA) during surgery. Multiscale entropy (MSE) is useful to evaluate the complexity of signals over different time scales. However, the limitation of the length of processed signal is a problem due to observing the variation of sample entropy (SE) on different scales. In this study, the adaptive resampling procedure is employed to replace the process of coarse-graining in MSE. According to the analysis of various signals and practical EEG signals, it is feasible to calculate the SE from the adaptive resampled signals, and it has the highly similar results with the original MSE at small scales. The distribution of the MSE of EEG during the whole surgery based on adaptive resampling process is able to show the detailed variation of SE in small scales and complexity of EEG, which could help anesthesiologists evaluate the status of patients.The Center for Dynamical Biomarkers and Translational Medicine, National Central University, Taiwan which is sponsored by National Science Council (Grant Number: NSC 100-2911-I-008-001). Also, it was supported by Chung-Shan Institute of Science & Technology in Taiwan (Grant Numbers: CSIST-095-V101 and CSIST-095-V102). Furthermore, it was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No.50935005)

A comparison about the inhibitory effect of curcunmin and Avastin on the rat corneal neovascularization

AIM: To compare the inhibitory effect of curcunmin and Avastin on the rat corneal neovascularization(CNV), and approach the mechanism of the curcunmin's inhibition. METHODS: CNV was established in thirty SD rats by alkaline burning. Rats were divided equally to group A and group B at random. In group A, right eyes were experimental group A1, treated by 40μmol/L curcunmin solution, and left eyes were control group A2, treated by 0.09% sodium chloride. In group B, right eyes were experimental group group B1, treated by 5g/L avastin, and left eyes were control group B2, treated by 0.09% sodium chloride. Cornea and aqueous humor were collected by time spot. The capillary vessels were study, and the expressions of VEGF were detected by Enzyme-Linked immunosorbnent Assay(ELISA). RESULTS: No toxic effects of the drugs were found. The capillary vessels in experimental group were less than those of control group(P<0.01). No statistical different of the capillary vessels between two drugs were found. The expressions of VEGF in experimental group were less than those in control group(P<0.01). The expressions of VEGF in B1 group were less than in group A1. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect to CNV of curcunmin and avastin have no statistical different in the experiment, but curcunmin has the less inhibitory effect to the expressions of VEGF than avastin. Curcunmin may have other mechanism in the inhibitory action on CNV

Plasmoid ejection and secondary current sheet generation from magnetic reconnection in laser-plasma interaction

Reconnection of the self-generated magnetic fields in laser-plasma interaction was first investigated experimentally by Nilson {\it et al.} [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 255001 (2006)] by shining two laser pulses a distance apart on a solid target layer. An elongated current sheet (CS) was observed in the plasma between the two laser spots. In order to more closely model magnetotail reconnection, here two side-by-side thin target layers, instead of a single one, are used. It is found that at one end of the elongated CS a fan-like electron outflow region including three well-collimated electron jets appears. The ($>1$ MeV) tail of the jet energy distribution exhibits a power-law scaling. The enhanced electron acceleration is attributed to the intense inductive electric field in the narrow electron dominated reconnection region, as well as additional acceleration as they are trapped inside the rapidly moving plasmoid formed in and ejected from the CS. The ejection also induces a secondary CS

Characteristic measurements of silicon dioxide aerogel plasmas generated in a Planckian radiation environment

Includes bibliographical references (pages 6-7).The temporally and spatially resolved characteristics of silicon dioxide aerogel plasmas were studied using x-ray spectroscopy. The plasma was generated in the near-Planckian radiation environment within gold hohlraum targets irradiated by laser pulses with a total energy of 2.4 kJ in 1 ns. The contributions of silicon ions at different charge states to the specific components of the measured absorption spectra were also investigated. It was found that each main feature in the absorption spectra of the measured silicon dioxide aerogel plasmas was contributed by two neighboring silicon ionic species

Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cereals Through Breeding and Transgenic Interventions

The success of plant breeding in the 20th century led to new cultivars that, to date, have provided enough food for an increasing world population (Conway and Toenniessen 1999; Mifflin 2000). The results of the Green Revolution-led in the 1960s by Henry M. Beachell andNormanE. Dotlaug—resulted in a dramatic increase in rice and wheal grain yields (Milford and Runge 2007; Ortiz et al. 2007). However, abiotic stresses and climate change are becoming increasingly serious threats to crop production worldwide at a time when food staple supply will need to be significantly higher to meet the demand of the growing human population. Water scarcity (Rockstrom et al. 2007], salinity (Rengasamy 2006). and low soil fertility (Sanchez and Swaminathan 2005) rank among the moat important abiotic stresses worldwide. Similarly, increased climatic disturbances due to global warming are causing the major stresses that necessitate crop improvements to safeguard grain supply, particularly in the developing world (Kumar 2006). Hence, genetic enhancement of cereal crops with respect to abiotic stress tolerance will be essential far ensuring grain yields in water-limited, increasingly hotter agricultural zones, particularly If these conditions combine with poor and saline soils, conditions that prevail in parts of the developing world. Crop breeding for adaptation to abiotic stress-prone environments remains a challenging task, not least because of the complexity of the stress-adaptive mechanisms in plants and particularly cereal crops, which are the staple of most of the world's population (Reynolds et al. 2005}

A weighted local‐spherical grid based lightweight descriptor for 3D point cloud registration

Abstract Establishing effective feature descriptors is a crucial step in 3D point cloud registration task. Existing manual‐based methods are noise‐susceptible and time‐consuming when running on low‐cost edge computing devices. To this end, the authors proposed a Local Reference Frame (LRF) based approach that can quickly and robustly register point clouds by using a novel lightweight local‐spherical grid weighted descriptor (LSGWD). Firstly, the LRF of the proposed algorithm is established by the covariance matrix eigenvector of KeyPoint's spherical support set and the centroid vector's projection on its orthogonal plane. Then the spherical support is grided to 32 bins, and the 4D geometric features of each subset are constructed by the centroid moment and the cosine value of the angles between the centroid vector and axes of LRF. Secondly, to restrain the insufficient discriminative information presented in the purely geometric features, the Gaussian projection and gradient mapping are proposed to calculate the smooth density and the correlation of structural characteristics, which are obtained as the distribution information of each bin to weigh the feature representation. Finally, the 32 × 4‐dimensional KeyPoint descriptor is obtained and used in the 3D point cloud registration framework. Experiments are carried out on three test datasets and real scene data. Compared to previous baselines, our descriptor achieves the state‐of‐the‐art performance in terms of efficiency and accuracy owing to its compact structure and noise robustness. The proposed method enhances the recognition and registration performance of 3D point cloud matching in low‐cost edge computing applications

Structure and properties of B

A global search for the lowest energy structure of B20Si−, B20Si0 and B20Si+ clusters is conducted. Structural transitions at different charge states are observed. B20Si− is a 2D planar configuration with no polygonal holes, and Si atom occupies a peripheral position. B20Si+ adopts a 3D tubular shape, and each Si is bonded with four B atoms. But for B20Si0, competition among quasi-planar, tubular and cage like structures is found. These structures differ greatly from that of pure B21− cluster. The structural transition may result from changes in the framework of bonding, sp2 hybridization, and structural mechanics. Some of the clusters’ properties including frontier molecular orbital, on-site charge on Si atom, electron density, and magnetism are also discussed

Application of femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery in patients with hard nuclear cataract

AIM: To analyze the application effects of femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery(FLACS)in patients with hard nuclear cataract.METHODS: The clinical data of each 42 cases(eyes)in patients with hard nuclear cataract who underwent FLACS(observation group)and traditional phacoemulsification(control group)were retrospectively analyzed. The operation conditions and postoperative recovery were recorded in the two groups.RESULTS: The mean ultrasound power, actual phacoemulsification time and effective phacoemulsification time and corneal edema degree at 3d after operation in observation group were lower than those in control group(P1wk after operation>1mo after operation, and the changes in observation group were greater than those in control group(PPCONCLUSION: FLACS has significant effects on hard nuclear cataract

Analysis of EEG via Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition for Depth of Anesthesia Based on Sample Entropy

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