Biotechnology, important applications and ethics

Background and aims: Recent advances in Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology provided more facilities for human to manipulate and alter any form of life. This technology has many useful applications in medicine, pharmacology, agriculture and industry. The most Important applications of biotechnology are: improving of inherited traits (plants and animals), production of new drugs in live bioreactors, creating models and patterns for the study of human diseases and organ transplantation. Like other technologies, it has own ethical considerations and Subsequently, it has come up with different ideas. So, it can be studied from different aspects of ethics. Methods: This study is a review project. All data that presented in this study were collected from different sources and electronic databases. Results: Although some scientists opposite with some of biotechnology applications using scientific reasons, some are basically opposite with biotechnology in any form and application. Important protestations come from two groups: some religious and some secular. Religious group resist to alteration of life with this concept that any alteration in life using genetic engineering, insult to God decision, humanity and life. Secular also like religious have this belief or faith and assume genetic engineering and biotechnology as insult to humanity and life merit. Conclusion: The analysis of the arguments of these two opponents based on the West ethical principles and the principles of Islamic ethics shows that using biotechnology with its ethical and scientific considerations toward life, not only insult to God decision, humanity and merit but also unusing of it in their concepts can reverse or violate humanity and merit

Pseudo-event Construction on Instagram by the Iranian Female Micro-Celebrities

The pseudo-events -events that are created through and for the media- are one of the main opportunities to increase the visibility of micro-celebrities and to grow and maintain their audiences. This study aims to find what happens behind the scenes of pseudo-events that micro-celebrities organize. The primary purpose of this article is to study pseudo-events on social media accounts of Iranian female micro-celebrities on Instagram. Therefore, we aim to answer the following questions: What are pseudo-events on Instagram and what are their characteristics? How do Iranian female micro-celebrities create these pseudo-events? And What are the motivations behind creating these events and the way they are held? The methodology of this research is online ethnography and to answer the questions, we conducted unstructured interviews with 16 micro-celebrities and informants on micro-celebrities’ personal lives. Then, raw data were analyzed using the content analysis method. Based on the analysis, the central theme was fake events whose characteristics are: 1. participants (present and absent), 2. time (event occurrence time, event receipt time), 3. location (in real space, on virtual space), 4. etiquettes and form of performance (type of gifts, music, food, and the well-staged nature of events). The findings also showed that in these events, the represented image is more important than the event itself. In fact, these events are designed and performed for filming and display

Evaluation of the catheter tip position among children with totally implantable port during 2015 in Dr. Sheikh Children’s hospital

Introduction: Totally implantable port insertion is a common procedure in pediatrics surgery and the main concern is the position of catheter tip, which is directly related to its complications, failure and durability. The best position is in superior vena cava (SVC)/ right atrium (RA) junction which is compatible with carina or T5-T6 vertebral level in chest x-ray. In our center we routinely use surface anatomy to estimate the adequate length for the tip to reach SVC/RA junction. In this study we compared the precision and accuracy of this method by post-operative chest x-ray study.Materials and Methods: as a retrospective study we evaluated the accuracy of surface anatomical land marks to estimate the catheter tip position, considering the carina or vertebra in chest x-ray which represents the SVC/RA junction. Fourty eight patients were included and their records were reviewed in Dr. Sheikh Children’s hospital in Mashhad.Results: Considering the carina as the best radiographic land mark, we had accurate tip position only in 29.2%, over insertion in 45.8% and under inserted catheter tip in 10.4%. Considering the vertebral bodies as radiographic land mark, 50% were over inserted, 35.4% accurate and 14.6% under inserted.Conclusion: Regarding our high rate of catheter tip mal-position arising from considering surface anatomy alone, we suggest not only to rely on surface anatomy but use imaging modalities such as portable X-ray, fluoroscopy or ultra-sonography within the operation room while inserting implantable port devices

The role of commitment to supervisor on organizational justice and citizenship among Iranian employees

The current study examined the relationship between commitment to supervisor, organizational justice, and organizational citizenship behavior among Iranian employees working at private and public companies. 160 employees from various organizations across industries were used to test the hypotheses in this study. Participants completed three questionnaires related to the variables in this study. Results were in congruity with the findings of the previous research, that organizational justice was positively correlated with both commitment to supervisor and organizational citizenship behavior. The results of the current study have important implications for organizations in that the impact of the relationship formed between a supervisor/manager and their employees can have far reaching implications for overall organizational functioning and ultimately organizational profitability

The role of commitment to supervisor on organizational justice and citizenship among Iranian employees

The current study examined the relationship between commitment to supervisor, organizational justice, and organizational citizenship behavior among Iranian employees working at private and public companies. 160 employees from various organizations across industries were used to test the hypotheses in this study. Participants completed three questionnaires related to the variables in this study. Results were in congruity with the findings of the previous research, that organizational justice was positively correlated with both commitment to supervisor and organizational citizenship behavior. The results of the current study have important implications for organizations in that the impact of the relationship formed between a supervisor/manager and their employees can have far reaching implications for overall organizational functioning and ultimately organizational profitability

Umbrella repair of giant omphalocele, A new technique.

Introduction: Although many techniques have been described for reconstruction of the giant omphalocele, we present a simple , effective and safe new technique.Materials and Methods: We have studied 11 neonates with giant omphalocele that were treated by a new technique, Umbrella repair, in Sarvar pediatric hospital of Mashhad, Iran. In this new technique we released the skin around the omphalocele membrane just near the junction and a purse string suture is placed at the edge of the skin with beads beneath each bite and graded tightening of the suture in order to pushing the omphalocele toward the abdominal cavity. Finally we compare the results.Results: Among total 11 patients, mean age and weight at the time of operation were 2.18 days and 2150 grams respectively. comparing the results between groups, we observed significant less operative time and number of surgeries in neonatal period among patients who managed by umbrella repair. Post-operative complications, morbidity and mortality in umbrella repair group were also less than coventional methods.Conclusion: Umbrella repair provide a rapid and safe method for management of giant omphalocele with acceptable results and low morbidity and mortality

Development of a forward/backward power flow algorithm in distribution systems based on probabilistic technique using normal distribution

There are always some uncertainties in prediction and estimation of distribution systems loads. These uncertainties impose some undesirable impacts and deviations on power flow of the system which may cause reduction in accuracy of the results obtained by system analysis. Thus, probabilistic analysis of distribution system is very important. This paper proposes a probabilistic power flow technique by applying a normal probabilistic distribution in seven standard deviations on forward-backward algorithm. The losses and voltage of IEEE 33-bus test distribution network is investigated by our new algorithm and the results are compared with the conventional algorithm i.e., based on deterministic methods

Detection Systems in Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a process of selectively imaging antigens in cells or tissue sections by exploiting antibody specificity. This technique is widely used in diagnostic pathology and research experiments for tracking specific molecular markers characteristic of a particular cell type or cellular events such as cancerous cell development, cell proliferation, or apoptosis. Visualizing the target antigen following an antibody-antigen interaction is accomplished by different detection systems. In the simplest instance, primary antibody directly conjugated to an enzyme is responsible for both specifically binding to the antigen and catalyzing a color-producing reaction. Alternatively, complex detection systems could be designed to profoundly improve minimal detection level of the antigen. During the past years, there has been a considerable improvement in designing and introduction of new and highly sensitive detection systems. The choice of an IHC detection system is a compromise of a variety of variables including desired sensitivity, cost, and the time needed for an IHC staining to be performed. This chapter covers the immunohistochemistry detection systems with emphasis on their principle, history, advantages, and limitations and delineates factors needed to be considered for choosing an appropriate detection system for IHC applications

Convective heat transfer to non-newtonian fluids

In this thesis, the perturbation method was implemented to analytically solve the governing equations relevant to both hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed power-law fluid and plug flows through parallel-plates and circular microchannels under constant isoflux thermal and slip boundary condition. The temperature-dependent properties, being viscosity and thermal conductivity, were considered along with nonlinear slip condition in the analysis in addition to viscous dissipation. The velocity, temperature and constant property Nusselt number closed form expressions were derived and then the Nusselt number corresponding to temperature-dependent thermophysical properties was numerically obtained due to their complexity nature. Numerical simulations were also performed for verifying the analytical results. The results indicated that the property variations and slip condition significantly affected thermo-fluid characteristics. The second law analysis was further performed for both constant and variable properties. Furthermore, an experimental study was performed on nucleate pool boiling of polymeric solutions (aqueous Xanthan gum solutions) by the dissolution of Xanthan gum powder in different amounts into deionized water. Their advantage over new generation fluids such as nanofluids is that they have no side effects such as agglomeration and sedimentation of particles, which is common for nanofluids. The results revealed that heat transfer coefficients of prepared polymeric solutions were lower than those of pure water, while concentration played a significant role in the performance of the heat transfer. In visualization studies, different pool boiling patterns were recorded particularly for high concentrations, which bolsters the heat transfer results

Structural Equations Model in Negative Affection, Self- Forgiveness, and Procrastination

The current research was conducted to determine the mediating role of negative Affection toward self- forgiveness, and procrastination in male students of the University of Tabriz. Therefore, 361 male students between 18-22 were selected by a random cluster sampling method from three groups of Technical and engineering, basic science and human science faculties. The General Procrastination, Decisional Procrastination, Positive and Negative Affect, and Heartland Forgiveness inventories were used to gather the data. The theoretical model was tested within a structural equation- modelling framework to identify both direct and indirect effects. The results indicate an overall fit model. Although the direct effects of self-forgiveness on decisional and general procrastination behaviours were not significant, thus, an indirect impact of self-forgiveness on the decisional and general procrastination behaviours were fully mediated by negative affection. Also, the effect of self-forgiveness on negative affect and academic procrastination, the training was essential for students