Conduction of Complex Elements of Vacuum Systems in a Wide Range of Pressures

The article presents a statistical mathematical model of a rarefied gas flow based on the method of particles in cells. This approach enables to define basic parameters of gas flow and vacuum systems in a wide range of pressures, including such an important parameter as conductivity of the vacuum system.Key assumptions in designing a mathematical model are: describing the collision of the molecules as hard spheres of elastic collision; considering the collisions to be paired and instant; the molecules velocity distribution corresponding to the Maxwell distribution. The essential feature is simulation of waiting time for the next collision. It depends on the state of the entire system of particles and is independent of what pair is involved in collision.The paper presents a detailed algorithm for implementation of a mathematical model to calculate conductivity. It includes three main stages. The first stage simulates only collisions of particles within the fixed cell of grid. The second stage simulates displacement of particles in accordance with their speed and time step, as well as interaction with the internal surfaces of the vacuum system. The final stage determines system conductivity.As an example, numerical experiments were conducted to determine conductivity of the long cylindrical channel in a wide range of pressures and conductivity of chevron screens too. Obtained data are compared with experimental data, and an error is evaluated. In molecular and transient conditions of gas flow the method of particles in cells gives high accuracy. In the viscous conditions the accuracy decreases because of originating region of continuous medium.This model can be used not only to determine conductivity of vacuum systems, but also to calculate gas flow parameters in systems with large flows (no restrictions for the flow rate value) for the channels and profiles with geometry of any complexity. An important feature is that it allows taking into account the sorption of gas on the channel surface and the temperature gradient in the system.Model based on the method of particles in cells can be used to calculate such systems as power generating channels of thermionic converter-reactors used in space vehicles, where it is necessary to know the parameters of a rarefied gas through a vapor flow of low-melting metal.</p

Mitochondrial mechanisms by which gasotransmitters (HS, NO and CO) protect cardiovascular system against hypoxia

Over past few years, there has been a dramatic increase in studying physiological mechanisms of the activity of various signaling low-molecular molecules that directly or indirectly initiate adaptive changes in the cardiovascular system cells (CVSC) to hypoxia. These molecules include biologically active endogenous gases or gasotransmitters (HS, NO and CO) that influence on many cellular processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, K/Ca exchange, contractility of cardiomyocytes (CM) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) under conditions of oxygen deficiency. The present review focuses on the mechanistic role of the gasotransmitters (NO, HS, CO) in cardioprotection. The structural components of these mechanisms involve mitochondrial enzyme complexes and redox signal proteins, K and Ca channels, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) that have been considered as the final molecular targets of mechanisms underlying antioxidant and mild mitochondrial uncoupling effects, preconditioning, vasodilatation and adaptation to hypoxia. In this article, we have reviewed recent findings on the gasotransmitters and proposed a unifying model of mitochondrial mechanisms of cardioprotection