The Viennese Warehousers, c. 1700: A Commercial Elite between Trade, State Finance and Industry

In 1515, a group of German, later also Swiss and Italian or Savoyard merchants received permission to settle in Vienna and to deal wholesale during the entire year. These so-called „warehousers“ kept their status of being foreign, mostly protestant, inhabitants of the Habsburg capital for almost three centuries. During the early modern period, the warehousers dominated the Viennese wholesale trade, participated in the early establishment of factories from the late 17th century onwards and acted as Imperial creditors. Even if the warehousers are often mentioned in studies on Viennese and Austrian social and economic history, their commercial activities, business contacts and also family relationships are hardly known. As a pilot study, this article offers a broad overview of the current state of research and the most important primary sources. It discusses the wider context of the warehousers’ business activities (the development of the Austrian lands, Imperial commercial policy, markets in Upper and Lower Austria, and consumption in Vienna and its hinterland). The last chapter of the article provides an introduction to some prominent warehouser companies in the age of mercantilism and offers the earliest complete survey of all warehousers drawing on a list from the year 1725.In 1515, a group of German, later also Swiss and Italian or Savoyard merchants received permission to settle in Vienna and to deal wholesale during the entire year. These so-called „warehousers“ kept their status of being foreign, mostly protestant, inhabitants of the Habsburg capital for almost three centuries. During the early modern period, the warehousers dominated the Viennese wholesale trade, participated in the early establishment of factories from the late 17th century onwards and acted as Imperial creditors. Even if the warehousers are often mentioned in studies on Viennese and Austrian social and economic history, their commercial activities, business contacts and also family relationships are hardly known. As a pilot study, this article offers a broad overview of the current state of research and the most important primary sources. It discusses the wider context of the warehousers’ business activities (the development of the Austrian lands, Imperial commercial policy, markets in Upper and Lower Austria, and consumption in Vienna and its hinterland). The last chapter of the article provides an introduction to some prominent warehouser companies in the age of mercantilism and offers the earliest complete survey of all warehousers drawing on a list from the year 1725

Thrombolysis in Stroke With Unknown Onset Based on Non-Contrast Computerized Tomography (TRUST CT).

Background Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in wake-up stroke (WUS) or stroke with unknown onset (SUO) has been recently proven to be safe and effective using advanced neuroimaging (magnetic resonance imaging or computerized tomography-perfusion) for patient selection. However, in most of the thrombolyzing centers advanced neuroimaging is not instantly available. We hypothesize that pragmatic non-contrast computed tomography-based IVT in WUS/SUO may be feasible and safe. Methods and Results TRUST-CT (Thrombolysis in Stroke With Unknown Onset Based on Non-Contrast Computerized Tomography) is an international multicenter registry-based study. WUS/SUO patients undergoing non-contrast computed tomography-based IVT with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale ≥4 and initial Alberta Stroke Program Early Computerized Tomography score ≥7 were included and compared with propensity score matched non-thrombolyzed WUS/SUO controls. Primary end point was the incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage; secondary end points included 24-hour National Institute of Health Stroke Scale improvement of ≥4 and modified Rankin Scale at 90 days. One hundred and seventeen WUS/SUO patients treated with non-contrast computed tomography-based IVT were included. As compared with 112 controls, the median admission National Institute of Health Stroke Scale was 10 and the median Alberta Stroke Program Early Computerized Tomography score was 10 in both groups. Four (3.4%) IVT patients and one control patient (0.9%) suffered symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio 7.9, 95% CI 0.65-96, P=0.1). A decrease of ≥4 National Institute of Health Stroke Scale points was observed in 67 (57.3%) of IVT patients as compared with 25 (22.3%) in controls (adjusted odds ratio 5.8, CI 3.0-11.2, P<0.001). A months, 39 (33.3%) IVT patients reached a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 or 1 versus 23 (20.5%) controls (adjusted odds ratio 1.94, CI 1.0-3.76, P=0.05). Conclusions Non-contrast computed tomography-based thrombolysis in WUS/SUO seems feasible and safe and may be effective. Randomized prospective comparisons are warranted. Clinical Trial Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/. Unique identifier: NCT03634748

Widespread extrahippocampal NAA/(Cr+Cho) abnormalities in TLE with and without mesial temporal sclerosis

MR spectroscopy has demonstrated extrahippocampal NAA/(Cr+Cho) reductions in medial temporal lobe epilepsy with (TLE-MTS) and without (TLE-no) mesial temporal sclerosis. Because of the limited brain coverage of those previous studies, it was, however, not possible to assess differences in the distribution and extent of these abnormalities between TLE-MTS and TLE-no. This study used a 3D whole brain echoplanar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) sequence to address the following questions: (1) Do TLE-MTS and TLE-no differ regarding severity and distribution of extrahippocampal NAA/(Cr+Cho) reductions? (2) Do extrahippocampal NAA/(Cr+Cho) reductions provide additional information for focus lateralization? Forty-three subjects (12 TLE-MTS, 13 TLE-no, 18 controls) were studied with 3D EPSI. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM2) was used to identify regions of significantly decreased NAA/(Cr+Cho) in TLE groups and in individual patients. TLE-MTS and TLE-no had widespread extrahippocampal NAA/(Cr+Cho) reductions. NAA/(Cr+Cho) reductions had a bilateral fronto-temporal distribution in TLE-MTS and a more diffuse, less well defined distribution in TLE-no. Extrahippocampal NAA/(Cr+Cho) decreases in the single subject analysis showed a large inter-individual variability and did not provide additional focus lateralizing information. Extrahippocampal NAA/(Cr+Cho) reductions in TLE-MTS and TLE-no are neither focal nor homogeneous. This reduces their value for focus lateralization and suggests a heterogeneous etiology of extrahippocampal spectroscopic metabolic abnormalities in TLE

Exfoliation mechanisms of 2D materials and their applications

Due to the strong in-plane but weak out-of-plane bonding, it is relatively easy to separate nanosheets of two-dimensional (2D) materials from their respective bulk crystals. This exfoliation of 2D materials can yield large 2D nanosheets, hundreds of micrometers wide, that can be as thin as one or a few atomic layers thick. However, the underlying physical mechanisms unique to each exfoliation technique can produce a wide distribution of defects, yields, functionalization, lateral sizes, and thicknesses, which can be appropriate for specific end applications. The five most commonly used exfoliation techniques include micromechanical cleavage, ultrasonication, shear exfoliation, ball milling, and electrochemical exfoliation. In this review, we present an overview of the field of 2D material exfoliation and the underlying physical mechanisms with emphasis on progress over the last decade. The beneficial characteristics and shortcomings of each exfoliation process are discussed in the context of their functional properties to guide the selection of the best technique for a given application. Furthermore, an analysis of standard applications of exfoliated 2D nanosheets is presented including their use in energy storage, electronics, lubrication, composite, and structural applications. By providing detailed insight into the underlying exfoliation mechanisms along with the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, this review intends to guide the reader toward the appropriate batch-scale exfoliation techniques for a wide variety of industrial applications

Advances and Insights into Neurological Practice 2016-17

Papers published by the European Journal of Neurology reflect the broad interest of practicing neurologists in advances in the aetiology, diagnosis and management of neurological disorders. As a general journal, the proportion of papers in the different subject areas reasonably reflects the case load of a practising neurologist. Stroke represents the largest proportion of papers published, including those on pathophysiology (1-23), acute stroke management (24-47) and the outcome of patients who have suffered stroke (48-72). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

An experimental study of the surface distribution of filler material in paper

A series of experiments were conducted to observe the effect of different pulp suspension and formation characteristics on the variation in filler concentration on the surface of paper. Hand sheet samples were formed in a laboratory apparatus. The surface distribution of two types of filler material was investigated: Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃) and Kaolin Clay (Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄). The effect of retention aids, dewatering rate, and forming fabric geometry on filler distribution was tested. The analysis was focused on the variation in surface filler concentrations on the scale of individual strands of the forming fabric. The procedure involved locating areas of interest in the samples, particularly the area of paper formed over knuckles, threads, and openings in the fabric, at which point the sample was analysed with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy and image analysis techniques to determine relative filler concentrations. In samples formed by gravity and vacuum drainage, Kaolin displayed a significantly greater variation in local surface filler concentration than PCC, though the difference was reduced under vacuum drainage conditions. This effect is attributed to the electrostatic attraction between PCC and pulp fibres in contrast with the repulsion felt by Kaolin filler. The attraction resists the distributing forces of the flow at low drainage velocities but the bonds are broken by large shear forces. The distribution on the top side of the paper was comparable between the filler types, due to the more uniform flow field at a distance from the forming fabric. Vacuum drainage increased the spatial variation of both fillers by a similar amount. It was found that under vacuum drainage, retention aids did not improve filler uniformity on the wire side. However, on the top side of the paper, a moderate reduction in spatial variation was observed. Additionally, on the wire side of samples made with gravity drainage, it was found that the addition of retention aids produced a significant improvement in the uniformity of the filler material. Finally, it was found that a finer forming fabric improved the uniformity of filler distribution.Applied Science, Faculty ofMechanical Engineering, Department ofGraduat

Der Donauhandel* . Quellen zur österreichischen Wirtschaftsgeschichte des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts

von Peter Rauscher (Wien) und Andrea Serles (Wien) Maut- und Zollregister sowie Rechnungsbücher diver­ser Ämter der größeren Handelsorte zählen zu den in­teressantesten Quellengattungen für die Erforschung der Handelsgeschichte. Sind diese Massenquellen über einen langen Zeitraum erhalten, bilden sie für die ein­zelne Forscherin bzw. den einzelnen Forscher ob ihrer Materialfülle häufig aber auch eine Barriere, die bei be­schränkten zeitlichen und finanziellen Ressourcen nur schwer zu überwind..

Metropole und Markt

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der sonst kaum berücksichtigte Aspekt der Aktivitäten von Kaufleuten der Handelsmetropole Nürnberger auf kleineren Märkten untersucht. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Akteure mit welchen Waren auf einem Marktplatz wie Krems an der Donau handelten, der zwar nicht zu den bedeutenden Messeorten wie Leipzig, Frankfurt am Main oder Bozen zählte, der aber dennoch ein großes Hinterland zu versorgen hatte und für spezifische Güter wie Wein und Eisen durchaus auch eine Rolle im transkontinentalen Fernhandel spielte. Als Quellen werden in erster Linie die Standgeldverzeichnisse und Waag- und Niederlagsbücher, also serielle handelsgeschichtliche Massenquellen, aus dem Stadtarchiv Krems herangezogen – mit einem zeitlichen Schwerpunkt vom 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert. Es werden in den einführenden Überblickskapiteln generelle Konjunkturen des Handelsgeschehens berücksichtigt, die den zeithistorischen Hintergrund für die Auswertung der Waag- und Niederlagsbücher in den anschließenden Kapiteln bilden. Die nachfolgenden Abschnitte beschäftigen sich mit den Trends, denen der Handel mit einzelnen Waren und Warengruppen unterlag, und geben einen Überblick über die in Krems tätigen Nürnberger Händler. Das reiche Namensmaterial in den Quellen ermöglicht auch eine Beschäftigung mit einzelnen Händlern und Handelsgesellschaften. Eingebettet sind diese Analysen in eine generelle Auseinandersetzung mit den Auswirkungen merkantilistischer Maßnahmen auf den Handelsverkehr zwischen der Reichsstadt Nürnberg und den österreichischen Märkten an der Donau