3,650 research outputs found
A Robust and Scalable Continuous Flow Process for Glycerol Carbonate
We report a robust continuous flow procedure for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (2βGLC) from green reagents glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), mediated by an inexpensive polymerβsupported base catalyst using methanol as coβsolvent. High conversion and selectivity were obtained, while residence times were typically shorter than 10 minutes
Clinical impact of MDR1-expression in testicular germ cell cancer
Aim: The multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1, P-gp, p-170) is a membrane glycoprotein that acts as an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. In various malignancies its expression is associated with resistance to diverse cytostatic drugs, and therefore predicts resistance to systemic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of MDR1 expression in primary tumor tissue to predict necrosis or viable cancer in residual tumor masses after systemic chemotherapy for advanced testicular germ cell cancer. Materials and Methods: Out of 77 patients, histopathological characteristics of primary testicular cancer specimens and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) samples following chemotherapy were available from 72 and all 77 patients, respectively. Moreover, MDR1 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in 47 primary tumors and corresponding 73 RPLND sections. Results: After chemotherapy and subsequent RPLND, the examination of residual tumor masses revealed that mature teratoma and active viable tumor were predominantly found in patients with non-seminoma (NSGCT; p = 0.048), especially in those with containing mature teratoma (p = 0.001). Moreover, using univariate analysis the expression of MDR1 in the primary testicular tumor predicted viable tumor/teratoma residues in RPLND sections (p = 0.003). However, in multivariate analysis including the tumorsβ histological subtype, MDR1 expression alone failed to reach statistical significance as an independent prognostic marker for residual vital tumor (p β₯ 0.16). Conclusions: With the limited number of patients given, the correlation between MDR1 expression in primary testis cancer and active residual retroperitoneal disease after chemotherapy failed to reach statistical significance as in independent marker. Therefore, up to now routine MDR1 staining of testicular germ cell cancer samples should not be performed in clinical practice. However, as there was a clear trend, a larger number of patients suffering from metastatic non-seminomas should be studied, as MDR1 expression might have significant prognostic value in this particular subgroup of patients.ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ 1 ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ² Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ² ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (MDR1, P-gp, p-170) β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½, ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π» ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡ Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ² ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ-
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ MDR1 Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎ ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π· Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ Π΅ Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ
Π³Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΏΡΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎ Π²Π°Π½Ρ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎ Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ½Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ² (RPLND) ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ
72 ΠΈ 77 Π±ΠΎΠ» ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΡ Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ MDR1 ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π² 47 ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
73 ΡΡ RPLND. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ RPLNDΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°-
ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π»Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ² Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ
Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ° (NSGCT; p = 0,048), ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° (p =
0,001). ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π΄ Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡ Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ MDR1 Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡ-
Ρ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π°Ρ
RPLND (p = 0,003). Π Π½Π°ΠΊ ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡ Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ
MDR1 Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ (p
0,16). ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ: Π²Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎ ΠΉΠ²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ² Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡ Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ MDR1
Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ½Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅. Π Ρ ΠΎ
ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ MDR1, Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊ Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ
ΡΠΌΡΡΠ» ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉ
The Physics of Ultraperipheral Collisions at the LHC
We discuss the physics of large impact parameter interactions at the LHC:
ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs). The dominant processes in UPCs are
photon-nucleon (nucleus) interactions. The current LHC detector configurations
can explore small hard phenomena with nuclei and nucleons at photon-nucleon
center-of-mass energies above 1 TeV, extending the range of HERA by a
factor of ten. In particular, it will be possible to probe diffractive and
inclusive parton densities in nuclei using several processes. The interaction
of small dipoles with protons and nuclei can be investigated in elastic and
quasi-elastic and production as well as in high
production accompanied by a rapidity gap. Several of these phenomena
provide clean signatures of the onset of the new high gluon density QCD regime.
The LHC is in the kinematic range where nonlinear effects are several times
larger than at HERA. Two-photon processes in UPCs are also studied. In
addition, while UPCs play a role in limiting the maximum beam luminosity, they
can also be used a luminosity monitor by measuring mutual electromagnetic
dissociation of the beam nuclei. We also review similar studies at HERA and
RHIC as well as describe the potential use of the LHC detectors for UPC
measurements.Comment: 229 Pages, 121 figure
A variational approach to the stochastic aspects of cellular signal transduction
Cellular signaling networks have evolved to cope with intrinsic fluctuations,
coming from the small numbers of constituents, and the environmental noise.
Stochastic chemical kinetics equations govern the way biochemical networks
process noisy signals. The essential difficulty associated with the master
equation approach to solving the stochastic chemical kinetics problem is the
enormous number of ordinary differential equations involved. In this work, we
show how to achieve tremendous reduction in the dimensionality of specific
reaction cascade dynamics by solving variationally an equivalent quantum field
theoretic formulation of stochastic chemical kinetics. The present formulation
avoids cumbersome commutator computations in the derivation of evolution
equations, making more transparent the physical significance of the variational
method. We propose novel time-dependent basis functions which work well over a
wide range of rate parameters. We apply the new basis functions to describe
stochastic signaling in several enzymatic cascades and compare the results so
obtained with those from alternative solution techniques. The variational
ansatz gives probability distributions that agree well with the exact ones,
even when fluctuations are large and discreteness and nonlinearity are
important. A numerical implementation of our technique is many orders of
magnitude more efficient computationally compared with the traditional Monte
Carlo simulation algorithms or the Langevin simulations.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figure
Speciο¬c emotions as mediators of the effect of intergroup contact on prejudice: ο¬ndings across multiple participant and target groups
Emotions are increasingly being recognised as important aspects of prejudice and intergroup behaviour. Specifically, emotional mediators play a key role in the process by which intergroup contact reduces prejudice towards outgroups. However, which particular emotions are most important for prejudice reduction, as well as the consistency and generality of emotionβprejudice relations across different in-groupβout-group relations, remain uncertain. To address these issues, in Study 1 we examined six distinct positive and negative emotions as mediators of the contactβprejudice relations using representative samples of U.S. White, Black, and Asian American respondents (Nβ=β639). Admiration and anger (but not other emotions) were significant mediators of the effects of previous contact on prejudice, consistently across different perceiver and target ethnic groups. Study 2 examined the same relations with student participants and gay men as the out-group. Admiration and disgust mediated the effect of past contact on attitude. The findings confirm that not only negative emotions (anger or disgust, based on the specific types of threat perceived to be posed by an out-group), but also positive, status- and esteem-related emotions (admiration) mediate effects of contact on prejudice, robustly across several different respondent and target groups
Radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes for CO2 electroreduction cells: an unexpected effect of using a lower excess of N-methylpiperidine in their fabrication
Giron Rodriguez et al. [ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2023, 11, 1508] previously showed that radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes containing N-benzyl-N-methylpiperidinium headgroups (MPIP-RG-AEM) are promising for use in CO2 electrolysis (cf. commercial and other RG-AEM types). For a more sustainable synthesis, MPIP-RG-AEMs have now been fabricated using a reduced 1.1 times excess of amine reagent (historically made using >5 times excess). A resulting RG-AEM promisingly had a bulk amination level that was comparable to those made with the traditional large excess. Unexpectedly, however, it had a significantly reduced water content, with two further batches showing that this observation was repeatable (and reproducible via measurements collected on a single batch using different techniques in different labs). The ionic conductivities of the RG-AEM made with a controlled 1.1 excess of amine were also lower, with higher activation energies. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy measurements showed that the lower water uptake RG-AEMs, made with the 1.1 amine excess, contained smaller amounts of bulk water relative to bound water (a repeatable observation with different counter-anions). This lack of bulk water, yielding reduced water diffusion coefficients, led to a change in the water management when such RG-AEMs were tested in CO2 electrolysis cells, with significantly affected in situ performances. Small angle scattering data (X-ray and neutron) indicated that MPIP-RG-AEM fabrication with the 1.1 excess of amine reduced the size of the amorphous lamella domains on hydration, and this change is suspected to be the cause of the lower water uptakes and swelling. The finding that chemically similar AEMs can have significantly different hydration properties is potentially important to all ion-exchange membrane users and developers (beyond the CO2 electrolysis scope of this study)
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