Metaphors unhappy in criminal law

Nesse artigo, F.-C. Schroeder analisa o lugar das metáforas no caso de antecipação da punibilidade denunciada por Günther Jakobs e suas conseqüências para o direito penal.In this paper, F.-C. Schroeder analyses the place of the metaphors in the case of anticipation of punishable offences from the denunciation of Günther Jakobs on and its consequences for the penal law

Die russischen Strafvorschriften gegen Extremismus

Russland besitzt nicht nur Strafvorschriften gegen den Terrorismus, sondern auch solche gegen den »Extremismus«. Als Äußerungs- und Organisationsdelikte schränken sie die Meinungs- und die Vereinigungsfreiheit ein und können für politisch nicht konforme Äußerungen und Vereinigungen gefährlich werden. Die Vorschriften wurden soeben geändert

Glomerular expression of p27Kip1 in diabetic db/db mouse: Role of hyperglycemia

Glomerular expression of p27Kip1 in diabetic db/db mouse: Role of hyperglycemia Early diabetic nephropathy is characterized by glomerular hypertrophy. Previous studies in vitro have demonstrated that mesangial cells exposed to high glucose are arrested in the G1-phase of the cell cycle and express increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. The present study was performed to investigate the renal expression of p27Kip1 in db/db mice, a model of diabetes mellitus type II. Glomerular p27Kip1 protein, but not mRNA expression, was strongly enhanced in diabetic db/db mice compared with non-diabetic db/+ littermates. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that this stimulated expression was mainly restricted to the nuclei of mesangial cells and podocytes, but glomerular endothelial cells occasionally also stained positively. Quantification of p27Kip1 positive glomerular cells showed a significant increase of these cells in db/db mice compared with non-diabetic db/+ animals. Although tubular cells revealed a positive staining for p27Kip1 protein, there was no difference between db/+ and db/db mice. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that p27Kip1 protein associates with Cdk2 and Cdk4, but not with Cdk6. To test for the influence of hyperglycemia on cell cycle arrest and p27Kip1 expression, mesangial cells were isolated from db/+ and db/db mice. There was a similar basal proliferation when these cells were grown in normal glucose-containing medium (100 mg/dl). However, raising the glucose concentration to 275 to 450 mg/dl induced cell cycle arrest in db/+ as well as db/db mesangial cells. Increasing the medium osmolarity with D-mannitol failed to induce p27Kip1 expression in mesangial cells. Transfection of cells with p27Kip1 antisense, but not missense, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides facilitated cell cycle progression equally well in db/+ and db/db mesangial cells. Furthermore, p27Kip1 expression was comparable in both cell lines in normal glucose, but increased in high glucose medium. Our studies demonstrate that p27Kip1 expression is enhanced in diabetic db/db animals. This induction appears to be due to hyperglycemia. Expression of p27Kip1 may be important in cell cycle arrest and hypertrophy of mesangial cells during early diabetic nephropathy

Interventions for enhancing adherence with physiotherapy: a systematic review

Poor adherence to treatment is commonplace and may adversely affect outcomes, efficiency and healthcare cost. The aim of this systematic review was to identify strategies to improve adherence with musculoskeletal outpatient treatment. Five suitable studies were identified which provided moderate evidence that a motivational cognitive-behavioural programme can improve attendance at exercise-based clinic sessions. There was conflicting evidence that adherence interventions increase short-term adherence with exercise. There was strong evidence that adherence strategies are not effective at improving long-term adherence with home exercise. Due to the multi-dimensional nature of non-adherence, the strategies to improve adherence with physiotherapy treatment are likely to be broad in spectrum. Combined interventions may be effective at promoting adherence with clinic appointments and exercise, though further research would be required to confirm this. Further research to increase basic understanding of the factors which act as a barrier to adherence could facilitate development of strategies to overcome non-adherence

Physiological Phenomenology of Neurally-Mediated Syncope with Management Implications

BACKGROUND: Due to lack of efficacy in recent trials, current guidelines for the treatment of neurally-mediated (vasovagal) syncope do not promote cardiac pacemaker implantation. However, the finding of asystole during head-up tilt -induced (pre)syncope may lead to excessive cardioinhibitory syncope diagnosis and treatment with cardiac pacemakers as blood pressure is often discontinuously measured. Furthermore, physicians may be more inclined to implant cardiac pacemakers in older patients. We hypothesized that true cardioinhibitory syncope in which the decrease in heart rate precedes the fall in blood pressure is a very rare finding which might explain the lack of efficacy of pacemakers in neurally-mediated syncope. METHODS: We studied 173 consecutive patients referred for unexplained syncope (114 women, 59 men, 42 ± 1 years, 17 ± 2 syncopal episodes). All had experienced (pre)syncope during head-up tilt testing followed by additional lower body negative suction. We classified hemodynamic responses according to the modified Vasovagal Syncope International Study (VASIS) classification as mixed response (VASIS I), cardioinhibitory without (VASIS IIa) or with asystole (VASIS IIb), and vasodepressor (VASIS III). Then, we defined the exact temporal relationship between hypotension and bradycardia to identify patients with true cardioinhibitory syncope. RESULTS: Of the (pre)syncopal events during tilt testing, 63% were classified as VASIS I, 6% as VASIS IIb, 2% as VASIS IIa, and 29% as VASIS III. Cardioinhibitory responses (VASIS class II) progressively decreased from the youngest to the oldest age quartile. With more detailed temporal analysis, blood pressure reduction preceded the heart-rate decrease in all but six individuals (97%) overall and in 10 out of 11 patients with asystole (VASIS IIb). CONCLUSIONS: Hypotension precedes bradycardia onset during head-up tilt-induced (pre)syncope in the vast majority of patients, even in those classified as cardioinhibitory syncope according to the modified VASIS classification. Furthermore, cardioinhibitory syncope becomes less frequent with increasing age

Rural space revitalization and touristic - recreational activities

En las últimas décadas se ha evidenciado un proceso de cambio tecnológico y productivo en las áreas rurales del sudoeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Se presentan diferentes capacidades para adaptarse al cambio, dependiendo de los recursos y capitales disponibles. En este sentido, las iniciativas y emprendimientos observados se pueden interpretar en el marco del desarrollo local, considerando las posibilidades y oportunidades que pueden tener los lugares no directamente articulados al proceso de globalización. El objetivo de este artículo es identificar actores y proyectos que pondrían en marcha procesos de revitalización territorial en base a la actividad turística y recreativa. El estudio se basa en diversas fuentes de información: observación participante, entrevistas e información secundaria. Si bien se distingue un proceso de aprendizaje compartido que involucra instituciones, actores territoriales y comunidad local, es posible que -para que estas iniciativas tengan mayor impacto y desarrollo, así como difusión- se requiera de una participación activa de los responsables de la gestión, a fin de apoyar y aportar recursos e ideas, que generen un proceso de cambio más formal, orientado hacia el ordenamiento del territorio.In recent decades a process of technological and productive change has been made evident in rural areas of the southwest of Buenos Aires province (Argentina). Different capacities are shown to adapt oneself to change, depending on the available resources and capital. In this regard, the initiatives and ventures observed can be interpreted in the context of local development, considering the possibilities and opportunities that the places not directly articulated to the globalization process may have. The aim of this article is to identify actors and projects that would start territorial revitalization processes, on the basis of the tourist and recreational activity. The study is based on various sources of information: participant observation, interviews and secondary information. Although a shared learning process that involves institutions, territorial actors and local community is distinguished, it is possible that- for these initiatives to have greater impact and development, as well as dissemination, - an active involvement of those responsible for the management may be required, in order to support and provide resources and ideas, generating a process of more formal change, oriented towards land management.Fil: Schroeder, Romina V.. Universidad Nacional del SurFil: Zimmermann, Friedrich M.. Universidad Nacional del SurFil: Formiga, Nidia. Universidad Nacional del Su

A Crossover Trial Using High‐Fidelity Cardiovascular Phenotyping

Background Sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on heart rate (HR), which are governed by baroreflex mechanisms, are integrated at the cardiac sinus node through hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide–gated channels (HCN4). We hypothesized that HCN4 blockade with ivabradine selectively attenuates HR and baroreflex HR regulation, leaving baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity intact. Methods and Results We treated 21 healthy men with 2×7.5 mg ivabradine or placebo in a randomized crossover fashion. We recorded electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity at rest and during pharmacological baroreflex testing. Ivabradine reduced normalized HR from 65.9±8.1 to 58.4±6.2 beats per minute (P<0.001) with unaffected blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity. On ivabradine, cardiac and sympathetic baroreflex gains and blood pressure responses to vasoactive drugs were unchanged. Ivabradine aggravated bradycardia during baroreflex loading. Conclusions HCN4 blockade with ivabradine reduced HR, leaving physiological regulation of HR and muscle sympathetic nerve activity as well as baroreflex blood pressure buffering intact. Ivabradine could aggravate bradycardia during parasympathetic activation