The Genome Sequence of the Grape Phylloxera Provides Insights into the Evolution, Adaptation, and Invasion Routes of an Iconic Pest

Background: Although native to North America, the invasion of the aphid-like grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae across the globe altered the course of grape cultivation. For the past 150 years, viticulture relied on grafting-resistant North American Vitis species as rootstocks, thereby limiting genetic stocks tolerant to other stressors such as pathogens and climate change. Limited understanding of the insect genetics resulted in successive outbreaks across the globe when rootstocks failed. Here we report the 294-Mb genome of D. vitifoliae as a basic tool to understand host plant manipulation, nutritional endosymbiosis, and enhance global viticulture. Results: Using a combination of genome, RNA, and population resequencing, we found grape phylloxera showed high duplication rates since its common ancestor with aphids, but similarity in most metabolic genes, despite lacking obligate nutritional symbioses and feeding from parenchyma. Similarly, no enrichment occurred in development genes in relation to viviparity. However, phylloxera evolved > 2700 unique genes that resemble putative effectors and are active during feeding. Population sequencing revealed the global invasion began from the upper Mississippi River in North America, spread to Europe and from there to the rest of the world. Conclusions: The grape phylloxera genome reveals genetic architecture relative to the evolution of nutritional endosymbiosis, viviparity, and herbivory. The extraordinary expansion in effector genes also suggests novel adaptations to plant feeding and how insects induce complex plant phenotypes, for instance galls. Finally, our understanding of the origin of this invasive species and its genome provide genetics resources to alleviate rootstock bottlenecks restricting the advancement of viticulture

Présence de Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) en Uruguay (Lep., Tortricidae)

Chambon Jean-Pierre, Basso César, Scatoni Iris B. Présence de Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) en Uruguay (Lep., Tortricidae). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 102 (5), décembre 1997. pp. 455-456

Présence de Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) en Uruguay (Lep., Tortricidae)

Chambon Jean-Pierre, Basso César, Scatoni Iris B. Présence de Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) en Uruguay (Lep., Tortricidae). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 102 (5), décembre 1997. pp. 455-456

The curvicauda species group of Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera, Tephritidae, Trypetinae) in Uruguay: new records of species and host plant

We report for the first time the occurrence in Uruguay of three species of Anastrepha, which belong to the curvicauda species group. Specimens of Anastrepha australis (Blanchard, 1959), Anastrepha littoralis (Blanchard, 1959), and Anastrepha nigra (Blanchard, 1959) were collected with McPhail traps baited with PBX® yeast/borax placed in fruit orchards. These records represent the most southern distribution known for A. littoralis and A. nigra, in addition to the first host plant records for A. nigra, which were reared from larvae on fruits of Araujia hortorum E. Fourn. (Apocynaceae)

Mating Compatibility between Two Populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Argentina and Uruguay

Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) has been reported to show extensive morphological variation along its geographic distribution and is currently recognized as a complex of cryptic species composed of at least eight different morphotypes. The Brazilian-1 morphotype includes the Argentinean and southern Brazilian populations. To contribute with basic information on the distribution of A. fraterculus morphotypes, the sexual compatibility between a Uruguayan and an Argentinean population was evaluated. Mating compatibility was evaluated in field cages under semi-natural conditions. The Argentinean population was obtained from a colony of the laboratory of the Instituto de Genética "E. A. Favret" (INTA Castelar), Buenos Aires, established in 2007. The Uruguayan population came from infested fruits of Acca sellowiana (Berg. 1855) Burret 1941 (Myrtaceae). At the moment of the trials, Argentinean flies were between 11 and 17 days old and Uruguayan flies were between 16 and 26 days old. Sexual compatibility was established using the index of sexual isolation (ISI), the male and female relative performance indices (MRPI, FRPI), and a Kruskal-Wallisone-way analysis of variance with subsequent pairwise comparison tests of the four types of pairs formed according to male and female origin. Latency, mating duration, and location of the couples were also recorded. The ISI value was significantly different from zero because of a greater performance of the Argentinean adults. There were no significant differences between the frequency of homotypic Uruguayan couples and heterotypic couples, whereas the frequency of Argentinean homotypic couples was significantly higher than the rest. No significant differences were found for the other evaluated parameters. Results suggest that Uruguayan populations belong to the Brazilian-1 morphotype considering that the greater performance of Argentinean flies is probably because of faster sexual maturation rates and an inherent greater mating propensity rather than to reproductive isolation.Fil: Duarte, Felicia. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Agricultura; UruguayFil: Calvo, María V.. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Agricultura; UruguayFil: Delgado, Soledad. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Agricultura; UruguayFil: Vera, María Teresa. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia. Cátedra Terapéutica Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Garcia, Flavio M.. Universidade Federal de Pelotas; BrasilFil: Scatoni, Iris B.. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Agricultura; Urugua

The genome sequence of the grape phylloxera provides insights into the evolution, adaptation, and invasion routes of an iconic pest.

BackgroundAlthough native to North America, the invasion of the aphid-like grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae across the globe altered the course of grape cultivation. For the past 150 years, viticulture relied on grafting-resistant North American Vitis species as rootstocks, thereby limiting genetic stocks tolerant to other stressors such as pathogens and climate change. Limited understanding of the insect genetics resulted in successive outbreaks across the globe when rootstocks failed. Here we report the 294-Mb genome of D. vitifoliae as a basic tool to understand host plant manipulation, nutritional endosymbiosis, and enhance global viticulture.ResultsUsing a combination of genome, RNA, and population resequencing, we found grape phylloxera showed high duplication rates since its common ancestor with aphids, but similarity in most metabolic genes, despite lacking obligate nutritional symbioses and feeding from parenchyma. Similarly, no enrichment occurred in development genes in relation to viviparity. However, phylloxera evolved > 2700 unique genes that resemble putative effectors and are active during feeding. Population sequencing revealed the global invasion began from the upper Mississippi River in North America, spread to Europe and from there to the rest of the world.ConclusionsThe grape phylloxera genome reveals genetic architecture relative to the evolution of nutritional endosymbiosis, viviparity, and herbivory. The extraordinary expansion in effector genes also suggests novel adaptations to plant feeding and how insects induce complex plant phenotypes, for instance galls. Finally, our understanding of the origin of this invasive species and its genome provide genetics resources to alleviate rootstock bottlenecks restricting the advancement of viticulture