Multilayer Micro Bio Chip for Intra Organelle Nanoporation

Present research paper represents that the intra organelle nano poration of multi layer osteoblast cell placed in a 3D non uniform micro fluidic chip composed of bi metallic heterogeneous micro electrode under the influences of smart control FPGA based pico pulse generator and images of intra organelle nanoporation are recognized experimentally. It is observed that When the micro pulse is applied the cell starts to response but it is unable to penetrate the intra cellular nucleus- membrane where as the expected results will come when the Pico pulse is applied on the cell, a number of nano pores are generated on the intra organelle and chemicals are entered into the cell. It is also exposed that the key parameter of nanoporation such as intra pore density and ion uptake are externally controlled by user defined hybrid 3D micro chip and FPGA based pico pulse generator

Design and Validation for FPGA Trust under Hardware Trojan Attacks

Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are being increasingly used in a wide range of critical applications, including industrial, automotive, medical, and military systems. Since FPGA vendors are typically fabless, it is more economical to outsource device production to off-shore facilities. This introduces many opportunities for the insertion of malicious alterations of FPGA devices in the foundry, referred to as hardware Trojan attacks, that can cause logical and physical malfunctions during field operation. The vulnerability of these devices to hardware attacks raises serious security concerns regarding hardware and design assurance. In this paper, we present a taxonomy of FPGA-specific hardware Trojan attacks based on activation and payload characteristics along with Trojan models that can be inserted by an attacker. We also present an efficient Trojan detection method for FPGA based on a combined approach of logic-testing and side-channel analysis. Finally, we propose a novel design approach, referred to as Adapted Triple Modular Redundancy (ATMR), to reliably protect against Trojan circuits of varying forms in FPGA devices. We compare ATMR with the conventional TMR approach. The results demonstrate the advantages of ATMR over TMR with respect to power overhead, while maintaining the same or higher level of security and performances as TMR. Further improvement in overhead associated with ATMR is achieved by exploiting reconfiguration and time-sharing of resources

Indicators Measuring the Performance of Malaria Programs Supported by the Global Fund in Asia, Progress and the Way Forward

INTRODUCTION: In 2010, the Global Fund provided more than 75% of external international financing for malaria control. The Global Fund uses performance based funding in the grants it finances. This paper analyses the indicators used to measure the performance of Global Fund supported malaria grants in Asia. METHODS: Indicators used in the performance frameworks for all Global Fund supported malaria grants in Asia were retrieved from grant database and grouped into impact, outcome, output and input categories and categorized by service delivery areas. Indicators of each group were compared over rounds. Indicators used in performance frameworks were compared with internationally adopted indicators included in the Monitoring and Evaluation Toolkit developed by the Global Fund and international technical agencies. RESULTS: Between 2002 and 2010, 1,434 indicators were included in the performance frameworks of the 48 malaria grants awarded in Asia, including 229 impact and 227 outcome indicators, 437 output and 541 input indicators, with an average of 29.9 indicators per grant. The proportion of impact and outcome indicators increased over rounds, with that of input indicators declining from 44.1% in Round 1 to 22.7% in Round 9. CONCLUSIONS: Input indicators, which have predominated the performance frameworks of the Global Fund supported malaria programs in Asia have declined between Rounds 1 and 9. However, increased alignment with internationally adopted indicators included in the Monitoring and Evaluation Toolkit is needed to improve the validity of reported results

Cross-correlation of the HI 21-cm Signal and Lyman-alpha Forest: A Probe Of Cosmology

Separating the cosmological redshifted 21-cm signal from foregrounds is a major challenge. We present the cross-correlation of the redshifted 21-cm emission from neutral hydrogen (HI) in the post-reionization era with the Ly-alpha forest as a new probe of the large scale matter distribution in the redshift range z=2 to 3 without the problem of foreground contamination. Though the 21-cm and the Ly-alpha forest signals originate from different astrophysical systems, they are both expected to trace the underlying dark matter distribution on large scales. The multi-frequency angular cross-correlation power spectrum estimator is found to be unaffected by the discrete quasar sampling, which only affects the noise in the estimate. We consider a hypothetical redshifted 21-cm observation in a single field of view 1.3 degrees (FWHM) centered at z=2.2 where the binned 21-cm angular power spectrum can be measured at an SNR of 3 sigma or better across the range 500 < l < 4000 . Keeping the parameters of the 21-cm observation fixed, we have estimated the SNR for the cross-correlation signal varying the quasar angular number density n of the Ly-alpha forest survey. Assuming that the spectra have SNR ~5 in pixels of length 44 km/s, we find that a 5 sigma detection of the cross-correlation signal is possible at 600 < l < 2000 with n=4 deg^{-2}. This value of n is well within the reach of upcoming Ly-alpha forest surveys. The cross-correlation signal will be a new, independent probe of the astrophysics of the diffuse IGM, the growth of structure and the expansion history of the Universe.Comment: Revised paper, accepted to MNRA

Quiescent center initiation in the Arabidopsislateral root primordia is dependent on the SCARECROW transcription factor

Lateral root (LR) formation is an important determinant of root system architecture. In Arabidopsis, LRs originate from pericycle cells, which undergo a programme of morphogenesis to generate a new LR meristem. Despite its importance for root meristem organisation, the onset of organizing center (termed quiescent center; QC) formation during LR morphogenesis remains unclear. Here, we used live 3D confocal imaging to monitor cell organization and identity acquisition during LR development. Our dynamic observations revealed an early morphogenesis phase and a late meristem formation phase as proposed in the bi-phasic growth model described by Sussex and co-workers. LR QC establishment coincided with this developmental phase transition. QC precursor cells originated from the outer layer of stage II LR primordia, within which the SCARECROW (SCR) transcription factor was specifically expressed. Disrupting SCR function abolished periclinal divisions in this LR primordia cell layer and perturbed the formation of QC precursor cells. We conclude that de novo QC establishment in LR primordia operates via SCR-mediated formative cell division and coincides with the developmental phase transition

The Arabidopsis JAGGED LATERAL ORGANS (JLO) gene sensitizes plants to auxin

Plant growth and development of new organs depend on the continuous activity of the meristems. In the shoot, patterns of organ initiation are determined by PINFORMED (PIN)-dependent auxin distribution, while the undifferentiated state of meristem cells requires activity of KNOTTED LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) transcription factors. Cell proliferation and differentiation of the root meristem are regulated by the largely antagonistic functions of auxin and cytokinins. It has previously been shown that the transcription factor JAGGED LATERAL ORGANS (JLO), a member of the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARY DOMAIN (LBD) family, coordinates KNOX and PIN expression in the shoot and promotes root meristem growth. Here we show that JLO is required for the establishment of the root stem cell niche, where it interacts with the auxin/PLETHORA pathway. Auxin signaling involves the AUX/IAA co-repressor proteins, ARF transcription factors and F-box receptors of the TIR1/AFB1–5 family. Because jlo mutants fail to degrade the AUX/IAA protein BODENLOS, root meristem development is inhibited. We also demonstrate that the expression levels of two auxin receptors, TIR1 and AFB1, are controlled by JLO dosage, and that the shoot and root defects of jlo mutants are alleviated in jlo plants expressing TIR1 and AFB1 from a transgene. The finding that the auxin sensitivity of a plant can be differentially regulated through control of auxin receptor expression can explain how different developmental processes can be integrated by the activity of a key transcription factor