The Chemistry of Acidic Soils in Humid, Temperate Forested Watersheds with Emphasis on Phosphorus, Aluminum and Iron

Acidification of soils can result from natural processes (i.e. pedogenesis) and from atmospherically derived sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) which originate from anthropogenic emissions. Research on the effects of acidification has typically focused on base cations, N and aluminum (Al). The Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) (a long-term, whole-watershed acidification experiment) demonstrated increased episodic stream export of Al, iron (Fe), and phosphorus (P) in the treated watershed, suggesting that acidification can also affect P. This research evaluates (a) the physical and chemical distribution of P, (b) mechanisms controlling soil P accumulation, mobilization, and availability in humid, temperate forested ecosystems, and (c) the temporal progression of soil acidification at BBWM. We measured soil P in important, operationally defined chemical phases using P fractionation techniques. Studies at a forested watershed in Acadia National Park, ME demonstrated that mechanisms affecting the distribution of Al and Fe hydroxide in soils, stream sediments, and lake sediments also controlled P distribution in each of the landscape compartments. Phosphorus fractionation studies in acid forest soils across six watershed sites on two continents determined that the majority of soil P (i.e. 71 %) was associated with Al. In experimentally acidified watersheds it was the Al forms of P that were depleted in the upper soil horizons. This suggests that changes in soil acidity due to management, air pollutants or pedogenesis could shift P availability by altering acidity and the Al:P balance. Measurements of soil chemistry at BBWM in 1998 and 2006, (a period of declining SO42- deposition and continued experimental acidification) revealed little evidence of continued base cation depletion or recovery. There were, however, significant declines in forest floor mass, % carbon (C), and % N attributable to the 1998 ice storm. Forest type exerted a strong influence on soil response to natural disturbance, experimental acidification, and recovery from acidification. This study underscores the importance of long-term, quantitative soil monitoring in determining the trajectories of change in forest soils

Modelling impacts of atmospheric deposition and temperature on long-term DOC trends

It is increasingly recognised that widespread and substantial increases in Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in remote surface, and soil, waters in recent decades are linked to declining acid deposition. Effects of rising pH and declining ionic strength on DOC solubility have been proposed as potential dominant mechanisms. However, since DOC in these systems is derived mainly from recently-fixed carbon, and since organic matter decomposition rates are considered sensitive to temperature, uncertainty persists over the extent to which other drivers that could influence DOC production. Such potential drivers include fertilization by nitrogen (N) and global warming. We therefore ran the dynamic soil chemistry model MADOC for a range of UK soils, for which time series data are available, to consider the likely relative importance of decreased deposition of sulphate and chloride, accumulation of reactive N, and higher temperatures, on soil DOC production in different soils. Modelled patterns of DOC change generally agreed favourably with measurements collated over 10-20 years, but differed markedly between sites. While the acidifying effect of sulphur deposition appeared to be the predominant control on the observed soil water DOC trends in all the soils considered other than a blanket peat, the model suggested that over the long term, the effects of nitrogen deposition on N-limited soils may have been sufficient to raise the “acid recovery DOC baseline” significantly. In contrast, reductions in non-marine chloride deposition and effects of long term warming appeared to have been relatively unimportant. The suggestion that future DOC concentrations might exceed preindustrial levels as a consequence of nitrogen pollution has important implications for drinking water catchment management and the setting and pursuit of appropriate restoration targets, but findings still require validation from reliable centennial-scale proxy records, such as those being developed using palaeolimnological techniques

Fostering effective and sustainable scientific collaboration and knowledge exchange: a workshop-based approach to establish a national ecological observatory network (NEON) domain-specific user group

The decision to establish a network of researchers centers on identifying shared research goals. Ecologically specific regions, such as the USA’s National Ecological Observatory Network’s (NEON’s) eco-climatic domains, are ideal locations by which to assemble researchers with a diverse range of expertise but focused on the same set of ecological challenges. The recently established Great Lakes User Group (GLUG) is NEON’s first domain specific ensemble of researchers, whose goal is to address scientific and technical issues specific to the Great Lakes Domain 5 (D05) by using NEON data to enable advancement of ecosystem science. Here, we report on GLUG’s kick off workshop, which comprised lightning talks, keynote presentations, breakout brainstorming sessions and field site visits. Together, these activities created an environment to foster and strengthen GLUG and NEON user engagement. The tangible outcomes of the workshop exceeded initial expectations and include plans for (i) two journal articles (in addition to this one), (ii) two potential funding proposals, (iii) an assignable assets request and (iv) development of classroom activities using NEON datasets. The success of this 2.5-day event was due to a combination of factors, including establishment of clear objectives, adopting engaging activities and providing opportunities for active participation and inclusive collaboration with diverse participants. Given the success of this approach we encourage others, wanting to organize similar groups of researchers, to adopt the workshop framework presented here which will strengthen existing collaborations and foster new ones, together with raising greater awareness and promotion of use of NEON datasets. Establishing domain specific user groups will help bridge the scale gap between site level data collection and addressing regional and larger ecological challenges

Training macrosystems scientists requires both interpersonal and technical skills

Macrosystems science strives to integrate patterns and processes that span regional to continental scales. The scope of such research often necessitates the involvement of large interdisciplinary and/or multi-institutional teams composed of scientists across a range of career stages, a diversity that requires researchers to hone both technical and interpersonal skills. We surveyed participants in macrosystems projects funded by the US National Science Foundation to assess the perceived importance of different skills needed in their research, as well as the types of training they received. Survey results revealed a mismatch between the skills participants perceive as important and the training they received, particularly for interpersonal and management skills. We highlight lessons learned from macrosystems training case studies, explore avenues for further improvement of undergraduate and graduate education, and discuss other training opportunities for macrosystems scientists. Given the trend toward interdisciplinary research beyond the macrosystems community, these insights are broadly applicable for scientists involved in diverse, collaborative projects.https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/fee.228

Pools, transformations, and sources of P in high-elevation soils: Implications for nutrient transfer to Sierra Nevada lakes

In high-elevation lakes of the Sierra Nevada (California), increases in P supply have been inferred from shifts in P to N limitation. To examine factors possibly leading to changes in P supply, we measured pools and transformations in soil P, and developed a long-term mass balance to estimate the contribution of parent material weathering to soil P stocks. Common Sierra Nevada soils were found to not be P-deficient and to be retentive of P due to the influence of Fe- and Al-oxides. Total P averaged 867μgPg-1 in the top 10cm of soil (O and A horizons) and 597μgPg-1 in the 10-60cm depth (B horizons), of which 70% in A horizons and 60% in B horizons was freely exchangeable or associated with Fe and Al. Weathering of parent material explained 69% of the P found in soils and lost from the catchment since deglaciation, implying that long-term atmospheric P deposition (0.02kgha-1yr-1) represented the balance of P inputs (31%) during the past 10,000years of soil development. During spring snowmelt ~27% of the total soil P was transferred between organic and inorganic pools; average inorganic P pools decreased by 232μgPg-1, while organic P pools increased by 242μgPg-1. Microbial biomass P was highest during winter and decreased six-fold to a minimum in the fall. Interactions between hydrology and biological processes strongly influence the rate of P transfer from catchment soils to lakes. © 2013 Elsevier B.V

Overcoming barriers to enable convergence research by integrating ecological and climate sciences: the NCAR-NEON system Version 1

Global change research demands a convergence among academic disciplines to understand complex changes in Earth system function. Limitations related to data usability and computing infrastructure, however, present barriers to effective use of the research tools needed for this cross-disciplinary collaboration. To address these barriers, we created a computational platform that pairs meteorological data and site-level ecosystem characterizations from the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) with the Community Terrestrial System Model (CTSM) that is developed with university partners at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). This NCAR&ndash;NEON system features a simplified user interface that facilitates access to and use of NEON observations and NCAR models. We present preliminary results that compare observed NEON fluxes with CTSM simulations and describe how the collaboration between NCAR and NEON that can be used by the global change research community improves both the data and model. Beyond datasets and computing, the NCAR&ndash;NEON system includes tutorials and visualization tools that facilitate interaction with observational and model datasets and further enable opportunities for teaching and research. By expanding access to data, models, and computing, cyberinfrastructure tools like the NCAR&ndash;NEON system will accelerate integration across ecology and climate science disciplines to advance understanding in Earth system science and global change. &nbsp;</p

Phosphorus in sediments of high-elevation lakes in the Sierra Nevada (California): implications for internal phosphorus loading

In high-elevation lakes of the Sierra Nevada (California), increases in phosphorus (P) supply have been inferred from changes in phytoplankton growth during summer. To quantify rates of sediment P release to high-elevation Sierran lakes, we performed incubations of sediment cores under ambient and reducing conditions at Emerald Lake and analyzed long-term records of lake chemistry for Emerald and Pear lakes. We also measured concentrations of individual P forms in sediments from 50 Sierra Nevada lakes using a sequential fractionation procedure to examine landscape controls on P forms in sediments. On average, the sediments contained 1,445&nbsp;µg&nbsp;P&nbsp;g−1, of which 5&nbsp;% was freely exchangeable, 13&nbsp;% associated with reducible metal hydroxides, 68&nbsp;% associated with Al hydroxides, and the remaining 14&nbsp;% stabilized in recalcitrant pools. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that sediment P fractions were not well correlated with soluble P concentrations. In general, sediments behaved as net sinks for P even under reducing conditions. Our findings suggest that internal P loading does not explain the increase in P availability observed in high-elevation Sierran lakes. Rather, increased atmospheric P inputs and increased P supply via dissolved organic C leaching from soils may be driving the observed changes in P biogeochemistry

Harnessing the NEON data revolution to advance open environmental science with a diverse and data-capable community

It is a critical time to reflect on the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) science to date as well as envision what research can be done right now with NEON (and other) data and what training is needed to enable a diverse user community. NEON became fully operational in May 2019 and has pivoted from planning and construction to operation and maintenance. In this overview, the history of and foundational thinking around NEON are discussed. A framework of open science is described with a discussion of how NEON can be situated as part of a larger data constellation—across existing networks and different suites of ecological measurements and sensors. Next, a synthesis of early NEON science, based on >100 existing publications, funded proposal efforts, and emergent science at the very first NEON Science Summit (hosted by Earth Lab at the University of Colorado Boulder in October 2019) is provided. Key questions that the ecology community will address with NEON data in the next 10 yr are outlined, from understanding drivers of biodiversity across spatial and temporal scales to defining complex feedback mechanisms in human–environmental systems. Last, the essential elements needed to engage and support a diverse and inclusive NEON user community are highlighted: training resources and tools that are openly available, funding for broad community engagement initiatives, and a mechanism to share and advertise those opportunities. NEON users require both the skills to work with NEON data and the ecological or environmental science domain knowledge to understand and interpret them. This paper synthesizes early directions in the community’s use of NEON data, and opportunities for the next 10 yr of NEON operations in emergent science themes, open science best practices, education and training, and community building