Multi slot amplitude coding technique for high speed optical fiber communication system

The rapid progress of the high speed optical communications system is driven by the exponential growth of users demand on information and services. The trend towards high speed and high capacity transmission system are multiplexing technique such as electrical time division multiplexing (ETDM) and duty cycle division multiplexing (DCDM). Unfortunately, ETDM bit rate is limited by the speed of electronic devices and DCDM suffers from increased spectral width when the number of tributary increased. Therefore, in this research, a new multiplexing technique is proposed, known as Multi Slot Amplitude Coding (MSAC). In this technique, three, four and five tributaries can be achieved with less number of slots compared to DCDM. The performance of 310 Gbit/s MSAC is -26 dBm for receiver sensitivity (RS) and 25.5 dB for optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). The improvement of 3.5 dB for RS and 3.7 dB for OSNR are obtained when optimize level spacing is implemented. When compared to DCDM, the spectral width is reduced by around 25%, not less than 55% improvement of chromatic dispersion (CD) tolerance, 0.6 dB better RS, and 1.5 dB better OSNR. The spectral width for 310 Gbit/s, 410 Gbit/s and 510 Gbit/s MSAC is 60 GHz, which indicates improvement of spectral efficiency. Optical spectrum of MSAC has spectral line at 10 GHz to provide an accurate clock frequency at symbol rate. In addition the performance of MSAC technique is simulated under self phase modulation (SPM) effect. The result shows that the maximum launched optical power is +12.79 dBm and +12.62 dBm for 50 km and 80 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) with 100% compensation of dispersion using dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) at receiver. Moreover, SPM threshold improves around 2.7 dB when adopting the pre and post dispersion compensation method

Comparative study ofthe computational fluid dynamics and fluid structure interaction analysis in human airways flow

Numerous studies have been done in order to get the most accurate result that represents the flow characteristics inside the human trachea. Numerical method was the most favorite type of study chosen to simulate the model due to the complexity of the geometry and difficulties to get the real trachea to do the experimental works. In this study, one actual healthy model of human trachea was reconstructed in order to compare, the different of the velocity and pressure distribution between two types of numerical modeling analysis: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) analysis. The model was extracted using the Computed Tomography (CT) scan images to maintain the realistic geometry. Velocity, 1.24 m/s was used at the inlet and the variations of the velocity and pressure distribution along the trachea were observed. The results shown that, the implementation of the FSI technique did produce different result and flexibility of the structure wall did influence the distribution of the velocity and pressure along the trachea

Micro Entreprise Empowerment Model Through Islamic Financial Service Cooperative (Study in Indonesia-Malaysia)

Micro-enterprise is a business that dominating the economy of Indonesia and Malaysia. The main problem faced by micro businesses is the issue of capital. The existence of Islamic financial service cooperative is expected to solve the problems of capital for micro-enterprises. Based on these descriptions then this study wanted to exercise how the empowerment model of micro enterprises implemented through enterpreneurs empowerment by Islamic financial service cooperative (IFSC). This study used qualitative methods to explore micro enterprises empowerment in order to get a micro business empowerment model. Both in Indonesia as well as Malaysia empowering micro businesses by IFSC appears from its ability to obtain capital, able to motivate the group, and was able to get access to the Government. The difference is in the intensity of the attention of the Government, the Government of Malaysia more intense attention on micro enterprises, so that micro enterprises more easily get access to the goverment and other financial institutions. Type of Paper: Empirical     Keywords: Micro Entreprise; Islamic Financial; Service Cooperative; Empowerment, Mode

Clustering for binary data sets by using genetic algorithm-incremental K-means

This research was initially driven by the lack of clustering algorithms that specifically focus in binary data. To overcome this gap in knowledge, a promising technique for analysing this type of data became the main subject in this research, namely Genetic Algorithms (GA). For the purpose of this research, GA was combined with the Incremental Kmeans (IKM) algorithm to cluster the binary data streams. In GAIKM, the objective function was based on a few sufficient statistics that may be easily and quickly calculated on binary numbers. The implementation of IKM will give an advantage in terms of fast convergence. The results show that GAIKM is an efficient and effective new clustering algorithm compared to the clustering algorithms and to the IKM itself. In conclusion, the GAIKM outperformed other clustering algorithms such as GCUK, IKM, Scalable K-means (SKM) and K-means clustering and paves the way for future research involving missing data and outliers

Impact satisfaction factors of ecotourism for sustainable tourism business and management

In almost all real-world problems, consideration of multiple-criteria decisions requires the decision maker to make constructive decisions to obtain the desirable outcomes. A multiple-criteria decision making tool is the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) which is frequently used in most applications involving decision making. Since Sabah is well known for its natural and rich resources, ecotourism has a significant potential to enhance the tourism industry. This paper aims to determine the satisfaction factors of tourists visiting Sabah and specifically in the ecotourism industry. The four-step modelling procedure for a decision model using AHP is introduced. It includes the pairwise comparison table, building of the normalised matrix, weightage determination, and finally, the consistency ratio of the overall main criteria. The ranking of the main and sub-criteria are then made so that the best main and sub-criteria related to tourist satisfaction are identified. The results showed that the top criteria preferred by tourists for eco-tourism is safety, followed by benefits, activities, services and finally destination. The most strongly preferred sub-criteria for destination is 'interest', for benefit is 'relaxing and fulfilling', for activities is 'experiencing nature and beautiful scenery', for safety is 'concerned personal Safety and security', and for service is 'on time service to tourists'. All preferred factors have met the values of inconsistency of less than 0.1 (<0.1). Findings of these impact factors towards ecotourism may enhance further adventurous and physical challenges at Sabah ecotourism hotspots by introducing, increasing and developing more adventurous activities, inclusive of notified safety and security, which needs sustainable tourism management. In conclusion, tourists are said to be very satisfied with the ecotourism industry in Sabah as indicted in their great positive responses, hence creating more tourism businesses

Identifying national security fundamentals in the big data of digital asymmetrical environment communication

This conceptualization article discusses the impact of technology to society from variousperspectives which relates on humanities aspect of social convention, hegemony, generation warfare and intelligence constructs.The narratives provide understandings of the current transition, emphasizing the changing need of intelligence protocols to understand the society in current technological advancement era. Intelligence output is detrimental as information is no longer secluded in this borderless communication spheres. The article narrates generation warfare intelligence in complex information system of digital asymmetrical environment in current generation warfare to digest the social implications and of technology to society and provides appropriate recommendations.Keywords: communication; generation warfare; hegemony; intelligence; society; socialconvention

Autocorrelated process control: Geometric Brownian Motion approach versus Box-Jenkins approach

Existing of autocorrelation will bring a significant effect on the performance and accuracy of process control if the problem does not handle carefully. When dealing with autocorrelated process, Box-Jenkins method will be preferred because of the popularity. However, the computation of Box-Jenkins method is too complicated and challenging which cause of time-consuming. Therefore, an alternative method which known as Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) is introduced to monitor the autocorrelated process. One real case of furnace temperature data is conducted to compare the performance of Box-Jenkins and GBM methods in monitoring autocorrelation process. Both methods give the same results in terms of model accuracy and monitoring process control. Yet, GBM is superior compared to Box-Jenkins method due to its simplicity and practically with shorter computational time

Characterization of membrane-bound lipase from a thermophilic Rhizopus oryzae isolated from palm oil mill effluent

The characteristics of the membrane-bound lipase from a thermophilic Rhizopus oryzae were studied. The pH and temperature optima for lipase activity were at 7.0 and 37°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable and acidic conditions, retaining more than 80% of its initial activity at pH 4.0 after 30 min incubation. It was stable up to 50°C with 70% of initial activity retained after 3 h incubation. The enzyme is 1,3 specific and exhibits substrate preference. Monoacid triglyceride substrates were hydrolyzed better than methyl esters, polyoxysorbitan and sorbitan substrates

Characterization of flow rate and Heat Loss in Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Duct System for Office Building

A building is an assemblage that is firmly attached to the ground and provides the performance of human activities and need to be considered in the daily operation in that building. The improvements in building performance are focused on improving the energy efficiency of buildings. This is approach by designing heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) duct system due to one of the most utilized energy in maintaining building performance and environment. The objectives of this research is to calculate the air (CFM) supply in office building, to characterize the velocity and head loss in a round and rectangular HVAC ducting system at various duct thickness and to optimize the thickness of the duct in HVAC system according to ASHRAE Standard. The increasing of velocity in duct system shows the increasing of head loss. The round duct design gives the lowest velocity and head loss in HVAC system approximately around 9.35% as compared to rectangular duct at 0.06 inches thickness. Hence, the trends of the head loss and duct thickness has influenced in reducing noise in HVAC duct system in order to select the best design concepts which is round shape design

Adaptive memory-based single distribution resampling for particle filter

The restrictions that are related to using single distribution resampling for some specific computing devices’ memory gives developers several difficulties as a result of the increased effort and time needed for the development of a particle filter. Thus, one needs a new sequential resampling algorithm that is flexible enough to allow it to be used with various computing devices. Therefore, this paper formulated a new single distribution resampling called the adaptive memory size-based single distribution resampling (AMSSDR). This resampling method integrates traditional variation resampling and traditional resampling in one architecture. The algorithm changes the resampling algorithm using the memory in a computing device. This helps the developer formulate a particle filter without over considering the computing devices’ memory utilisation during the development of different particle filters. At the start of the operational process, it uses the AMSSDR selector to choose an appropriate resampling algorithm (for example, rounding copy resampling or systematic resampling), based on the current computing devices’ physical memory. If one chooses systematic resampling, the resampling will sample every particle for every cycle. On the other hand, if it chooses the rounding copy resampling, the resampling will sample more than one of each cycle’s particle. This illustrates that the method (AMSSDR) being proposed is capable of switching resampling algorithms based on various physical memory requirements. The aim of the authors is to extend this research in the future by applying their proposed method in various emerging applications such as real-time locator systems or medical applications