Study of the Influence of Helical Milling Parameters on the Quality of Holes in the UNS R56400 Alloy

Helical milling has been positioned as an alternative to conventional drilling, where the advantages it offers make it very attractive for use on difficult-to-machine alloys such as the titanium alloy UNS R56400. However, the correlation between the indicator of hole quality and the kinematic parameters has rarely been studied. The kinematics are what bring most advantages and that is why it is necessary to know their influence. In this aspect, there are different focuses of problems associated with the complexity of the process kinematics, which makes it necessary to undertake a deeper analysis of the process and to carry out a preliminary study. To address this problem, a DOE (Design of Experiments) is proposed to identify the sensitivity and the main trends of the properties that define the quality holes with respect to the kinematic parameters. At the same time, a nomenclature is proposed to unify and avoid misinterpretations. This study has allowed us to obtain conclusive results that offer very relevant information for future researc

Defect Analysis and Detection of Cutting Regions in CFRP Machining Using AWJM

The use of composite materials with a polymeric matrix, concretely carbon fiber reinforced polymer, is undergoing further development owing to the maturity reached by the forming processes and their excellent relationship in terms of specific properties. This means that they can be implemented more easily in di erent industrial sectors at a lower cost. However, when the components manufactured demand high dimensional and geometric requirements, they must be subjected to machining processes that cause damage to the material. As a result, alternative methods to conventional machining are increasingly being proposed. In this article, the abrasive waterjet machining process is proposed because of its advantages in terms of high production rates, absence of thermal damage and respect for the environment. In this way, it was possible to select parameters (stand-o distance, traverse feed rate, and abrasive mass flow rate) that minimize the characteristic defects of the process such as taper angle or the identification of di erent surface quality regions in order to eliminate striations caused by jet deviation. For this purpose, taper angle and roughness evaluations were carried out in three di erent zones: initial or jet inlet, intermediate, and final or jet outlet. In this way, it was possible to characterize di erent cutting regions with scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and to distinguish the statistical significance of the parameters and their e ects on the cut through an analysis of variance (ANOVA). This analysis has made it possible to distinguish the optimal parameters for the process

Transient demographic approaches can drastically expand the toolbox of coral reef science

This work was supported by a NERC DTP scholarship to JC and a NERC Independent Research Fellowship (NE/M018458/1) to RS-G.Coral communities are threatened by an increasing plethora of abiotic and biotic disturbances. Preventing the ensuing loss of coral coverage and diversity calls for a mechanistic understanding of resilience across coral species and populations that is currently lacking in coral reef science. Assessments into the dynamics of coral populations typically focus on their long-term (i.e. asymptotic) characteristics, tacitly assuming stable environments in which populations can attain their long-term characteristics. Instead, we argue that greater focus is needed on investigating the transient (i.e. short-term) dynamics of coral populations to describe and predict their characteristics and trajectories within unstable environments. Applying transient demographic approaches to evaluating and forecasting the responses of coral populations to disturbance holds promise for expediting our capacity to predict and manage the resilience of coral populations, species, and communities.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Discretising Keyfitz' entropy for studies of actuarial senescence and comparative demography

Keyfitz' entropy is a widely used metric to quantify the shape of the survivorship curve of populations, from plants to animals and microbes. Keyfitz' entropy values &lt;1 correspond to life histories with an increasing mortality rate with age (i.e. actuarial senescence), whereas values &gt;1 correspond to species with a decreasing mortality rate with age (negative senescence), and a Keyfitz entropy of exactly 1 corresponds to a constant mortality rate with age. Keyfitz' entropy was originally defined using a continuous-time model, and has since been discretised to facilitate its calculation from discrete-time demographic data. Here, we show that the previously used discretisation of the continuous-time metric does not preserve the relationship with increasing, decreasing or constant mortality rates. To resolve this discrepancy, we propose a new discrete-time formula for Keyfitz' entropy for age-classified life histories. We show that this new method of discretisation preserves the relationship with increasing, decreasing, or constant mortality rates. We analyse the relationship between the original and the new discretisation, and we find that the existing metric tends to underestimate Keyfitz' entropy for both short-lived species and long-lived species, thereby introducing a consistent bias. To conclude, to avoid biases when classifying life histories as (non-)senescent, we suggest researchers use either the new metric proposed here, or one of the many previously suggested survivorship shape metrics applicable to discrete-time demographic data such as Gini coefficient or Hayley's median.</p

Determinación de la capacidad antioxidante del aceite de hibrido de palma en diferentes estados de maduración^

Los antioxidantes de la dieta han sido relacionados con la prevención de las enfermedades crónico degenerativas, por lo que es importante analizar la capacidad antioxidante de los alimentos teniendo en cuenta los factores que pueden afectar dicha capacidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el contenido de fenoles totales y la capacidad antioxidante del Aceite de Hibrido de Palma (AHP) en cuatro estados de maduración diferentes. Para la determinación del contenido de fenoles se utilizó el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y para determinar la capacidad antioxidante se utilizaron los métodos Capacidad Antioxidante Equivalente Trolox (TEAC) y Capacidad de Absorción de Radicales de Oxigeno (ORAC). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas (p=0.002 p menorque0.05) en el contenido de fenoles con respecto al estado de maduración con una correlación negativa significativa que indico que a mayor estado de maduración menor era el contenido de fenoles. Para los métodos TEAC y ORAC los resultados también mostraron diferencias significativas (p menorque 0,001) en donde la capacidad antioxidante disminuyó a mayor estado de maduración, siendo el estado de maduración con mayor capacidad antioxidante la semana 18. Se concluyó que el proceso de maduración afecta el contenido de fenoles y la capacidad antioxidante del Aceite de Hibrido de palma, en donde la mayor capacidad antioxidante y contenido de fenoles se encuentra en estadios tempranos de la maduración del fruto.The antioxidant compounds consumed through the diet have been related with the prevention of chronic disease, therefore it is important to study the antioxidant capacity of foods and all the factors that can affect it. The aim of this study was to determine the phenol total content and the antioxidant capacity of the Hybrid Palm oil in four different ripening stages. In order to accomplish this, the Folin Ciocalteu (FCR), the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) and the Oxygen Radical Absorbency Capacity (ORAC) methods were used. The results showed that there were significant differences (p=0.002 p menorque 0.05) between the total phenol content through the different ripening stages with a negative correlation that indicated that the total phenol content decreased as the ripening increased. The results by the TEAC and ORAC methods showed a significant difference (p menorque 0,001) between the antioxidant capacity and the ripening stages, in which the antioxidant capacity decreased as the ripening stages increased. Overall the methods indicated that the ripening stage with the most antioxidant capacity and total phenol content was the one from week 18. Finally, it was concluded that the ripening process does affect the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of the Hybrid Palm oil and these are more present in early ripening periodsNutricionista DietistaPregrad

Surface Quality and Free Energy Evaluation of s275 Steel by Shot Blasting, Abrasive Water Jet Texturing and Laser Surface Texturing

Surface modification by different technologies prior to joining operations or improving tribological properties is a point of great interest. Improving surface activation by increasing the roughness of the metal is a relationship that is becoming more defined. In turn, an increase in surface wettability by evaluating contact angles indicates surface activation by obtaining a high surface free energy. Technologies such as shot blasting and laser surface texturing (LST) have generated several scientific studies where they have identified the influence of parameters on the formation of rough surfaces with defined patterns. However, the application of abrasive water jet texturing (AWJT) has been little studied as an alternative. This article compares these technologies in the texturing of a carbon steel s275 in order to identify the relationship between surface quality and surface activation. It has been determined that AWJT produces the highest Rt values close to 64 mu m with a cross feed of 0.45 mm and a traverse speed of 5000 mm/min. Furthermore, LST obtains the best values of free surface energy by combining a power of 20 W with a frequency of 20 kHz and a sweeping speed of 10 mm/s. Finally, contour diagrams have been obtained which relate these variables to the texturing parameter

On the Machinability of an Al-63%SiC Metal Matrix Composite

This paper presents a preliminary study of aluminium matrix composite materials during machining, with a special focus on their behavior under conventional processes. This work will expand the knowledge of these materials, which is considered to be strategic for some industrial sectors, such as the aeronautics, electronics, and automotive sectors. Finding a machining model will allow us to define the necessary parameters when applying the materials to industry. As a previous step of the material and its machining, an experimental state-of-the-art review has been carried out, revealing a lack of studies about the composition and material properties, processes, tools, and recommended parameters. The results obtained and reflected in this paper are as follows; SiC is present in metallic matrix composite (MMC) materials in a very wide variety of sizes. A metallographic study of the material confirms the high percentage of reinforcement and very high microhardness values registered. During the machining process, tools present a very high level of wear in a very short amount of time, where chips are generated and arcs are segmented, revealing the high microhardness of the material, which is given by its high concentration of SiC. The chip shape is the same among other materials with a similar microhardness, such as Ti or its alloys. The forces registered in the machining process are quite di erent from conventional alloys and are more similar to the values of harder alloys, which is also the case for chip generation. The results coincide, in part, with previous studies and also give new insight into the behavior of this material, which does not conform to the assumptions for standard metallic materials, where the hypothesis of Sha er is not directly applicable. On the other hand, here, cutting forces do not behave in accordance with the traditional model. This paper will contribute to improve the knowledge of the Al-63%SiC MMC itself and the machining behavior

Extrapolating demography with climate, proximity and phylogeny: approach with caution

Plant population responses are key to understanding the effects of threats such as climate change and invasions. However, we lack demographic data for most species, and the data we have are often geographically aggregated. We determined to what extent existing data can be extrapolated to predict population performance across larger sets of species and spatial areas. We used 550 matrix models, across 210 species, sourced from the COMPADRE Plant Matrix Database, to model how climate, geographic proximity and phylogeny predicted population performance. Models including only geographic proximity and phylogeny explained 5-40% of the variation in four key metrics of population performance. However, there was poor extrapolation between species and extrapolation was limited to geographic scales smaller than those at which landscape scale threats typically occur. Thus, demographic information should only be extrapolated with caution. Capturing demography at scales relevant to landscape level threats will require more geographically extensive sampling