35 research outputs found

    Exploring long-term electrification pathway dynamics: a case study of Ethiopia

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    The Open Source Spatial Electrification Tool (OnSSET) is extended to provide a long-term geospatial electrification analysis of Ethiopia, focusing on the role of grid- and off-grid technologies to increase residential electricity access under different scenarios. Furthermore, the model explores issues of compatibility between the electricity supply technologies over time. Six potential scenarios towards universal access to electricity in the country are examined based on three pathways; the Ambition pathway sees high demand growth and universal access achieved by 2025, the Slow Down pathway follows a lower demand growth with a slower electrification rate and with a higher share of off-grid technologies, and the Big Business pathway prioritizes grid electricity first for the industrial sector, leading to slower residential electrification. The results show a large focus on grid extension and stand-alone PV deployment for least-cost electrification in case of low grid-generation costs and uninhibited grid expansion. However, in case of a slower grid rollout rate and high demand growth, a more dynamic evolution of the supply system is seen, where mini-grids play an important role in transitional electrification. Similarly, in the case where grid electricity generation comes at a higher cost, mini-grids prove to be cost-competitive with the centralized grid in many areas. Finally, we also show that transitional mini-grids, which are later incorporated into the centralized grid, risk increasing the investments significantly during the periods when these are integrated and mini-grid standards are not successfully implemented. In all cases, existing barriers to decentralized technologies must be removed to ensure off-grid technologies are deployed and potentially integrated with the centralized grid as needed

    Germline HOXB13 mutations p.G84E and p.R217C do not confer an increased breast cancer risk

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    In breast cancer, high levels of homeobox protein Hox-B13 (HOXB13) have been associated with disease progression of ER-positive breast cancer patients and resistance to tamoxifen treatment. Since HOXB13 p.G84E is a prostate cancer risk allele, we evaluated the association between HOXB13 germline mutations and breast cancer risk in a previous study consisting of 3,270 familial non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer cases and 2,327 controls from the Netherlands. Although both recurrent HOXB13 mutations p.G84E and p.R217C were not associated with breast cancer risk, the risk estimation for p.R217C was not very precise. To provide more conclusive evidence regarding the role of HOXB13 in breast cancer susceptibility, we here evaluated the association between HOXB13 mutations and increased breast cancer risk within 81 studies of the international Breast Cancer Association Consortium containing 68,521 invasive breast cancer patients and 54,865 controls. Both HOXB13 p.G84E and p.R217C did not associate with the development of breast cancer in European women, neither in the overall analysis (OR = 1.035, 95% CI = 0.859-1.246, P = 0.718 and OR = 0.798, 95% CI = 0.482-1.322, P = 0.381 respectively), nor in specific high-risk subgroups or breast cancer subtypes. Thus, although involved in breast cancer progression, HOXB13 is not a material breast cancer susceptibility gene.Peer reviewe

    rs2735383, located at a microRNA binding site in the 3 ' UTR of NBS1, is not associated with breast cancer risk

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    NBS1, also known as NBN, plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability. Interestingly, rs2735383 G > C, located in a microRNA binding site in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of NBS1, was shown to be associated with increased susceptibility to lung and colorectal cancer. However, the relation between rs2735383 and susceptibility to breast cancer is not yet clear. Therefore, we genotyped rs2735383 in 1,170 familial non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer cases and 1,077 controls using PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) analysis, but found no association between rs2735383CC and breast cancer risk (OR = 1.214, 95% CI = 0.936-1.574, P = 0.144). Because we could not exclude a small effect size due to a limited sample size, we further analyzed imputed rs2735383 genotypes (r(2) > 0.999) of 47,640 breast cancer cases and 46,656 controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). However, rs2735383CC was not associated with overall breast cancer risk in European (OR = 1.014, 95% CI = 0.969-1.060, P = 0.556) nor in Asian women (OR = 0.998, 95% CI = 0.905-1.100, P = 0.961). Subgroup analyses by age, age at menarche, age at menopause, menopausal status, number of pregnancies, breast feeding, family history and receptor status also did not reveal a significant association. This study therefore does not support the involvement of the genotype at NBS1 rs2735383 in breast cancer susceptibility.Peer reviewe

    New methods and applications to explore the dynamics of least-cost technologies in geospatial electrification modelling

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    Access to modern energy services is a pre-requisite for sustainable development. As such, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. However, as of 2021, 675 million people lack access to electricity, and 2.3 billion people lack access to clean cooking fuels. Electricity in particular can bring benefits to many sectors of society, including households, health facilities, educational facilities, agricultural activities and businesses. Providing such access in currently underserved areas at the lowest cost requires an integrated approach, utilizing a combination of extension of the centralized grid networks, deployment of mini-grids and stand-alone technologies. Given the need for an integrated approach to increase access to electricity, geospatial electrification tools have been developed and used to inform policy- and decision-making. These tools are a category of energy system tools that draws on geospatial information to understand which technology to use where, depending on the local characteristics of each settlement in a country or region as well as the existing energy infrastructure. The number of geospatial electrification tools and analyses have seen a steep increase since the start of the millennia, particularly since the 2010’s. Some of these tools and analyses use simpler analytical expressions to estimate the least-cost technology in each location, whereas others provide detailed design of transmission, distribution and generation systems.   Geospatial electrification tools and analyses are increasingly used for decision-making and planning purposes towards the achievement of universal access to electricity. This dissertation aims to advance the state of the art in geospatial electrification modelling to support electrification efforts. In particular, the thesis examines the dynamics between the three types of electricity supply technologies (grid-extension, mini-grids and stand-alone technologies) under different modelling approaches, timelines and scenarios. Three research questions based on gaps in existing literature and applications are studied and explored through four publications. Furthermore, each publication provides a case study on one of the countries with the largest electricity access gap globally, namely Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Somalia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The first research question explores how the use of scenarios and simulations in geospatial electrification modelling can be improved to better inform policy- and decision making in the field of electricity access. Lack of data is widely recognized as a key challenge in the field, as important datasets are missing, incomplete or of poor quality in many geographies. Combined with the difficulty of predicting latent electricity demand in currently underserved areas, and the numerous stakeholders in the field of electricity access, designing useful and informative scenarios can be challenging. In response to this, the first paper presents the first scenario discovery analysis in geospatial electrification modelling. In the scenario discovery approach, a large set of simulations based on variations of model parameters are computed. Next, statistical data-mining algorithms are applied to identify candidate scenarios of interest among these simulations. Using this approach, key scenarios that have the highest risk of leading to high electrification costs and scenarios that have the highest chance of low costs in Burkina Faso are identified. The second research question focuses on the time-aspect of geospatial electrification modelling, seeking to understand how the time-line selected changes the dynamics between the least-cost electrification technologies. With few exceptions, geospatial electrification models have focused on identifying the least-cost technologies by a single year, either 2030 or earlier. However, this provides limited insight on how the system may evolve over time. In paper II, least-cost electrification options in Ethiopia are modelled in 10-year intervals until 2070. The transition between technologies over this longer time-frame are studied under different constraints and demand levels. Furthermore, paper III focuses on how time is incorporated in the model. Through a case study of Somalia, least-cost technology options are explored both until 2030 and 2040. First, the model is run similar to a perfect foresight model, identifying the least-cost solutions directly for the population and demand by 2030 and 2040 respectively. Next, the model is run myopically, first in five-year time-steps and then in one-year time-steps, to explore how the least-cost solutions by the end year of the analysis change, and the implications this has for electricity access planning. The results of both case studies highlight that shorter term planning led to relatively higher levels of stand-alone technologies, whereas longer-term planning favors mini-grids and the grid to a larger extent. The third research question aims to shed light on the effects of different modelling approaches and model complexity in geospatial electrification modelling. Several geospatial electrification tools and frameworks have been developed and applied to inform decisions and planning towards increased electricity access. Naturally, these tools and frameworks differ in terms of modelling complexity. A comparison of published results from geospatial electrification models reveals that even in cases where these are studying the same region and similar demand levels, they identify different mixes of least-cost technology options. The fourth paper presents the first flexible geospatial electrification tool, which can provide both rapid first-pass assessments as well as more detailed analysis. Through a case study of the DRC, the effects on geospatial electrification modelling from the first-pass assessment and more detailed versions of the tool are explored. Differences in the least-cost technology mix using different algorithms in the OnSSET tool are explored, as well as the difference in data and computational requirements.TillgĂ„ng till moderna energitjĂ€nster Ă€r en förutsĂ€ttning för hĂ„llbar utveckling. Av den anledningen syftar mĂ„l 7 av de globala mĂ„len för hĂ„llbar utveckling (SDG 7) till att sĂ€kerstĂ€lla tillgĂ„ng till ekonomiskt överkomlig, tillförlitlig, hĂ„llbar och modern energi för alla. 2021 saknade dock 675 miljoner mĂ€nniskor tillgĂ„ng till elektricitet och 2.3 miljarder mĂ€nniskor tillgĂ„ng till rena matlagningsbrĂ€nslen. I synnerhet elektricitet kan medföra fördelar för mĂ„nga samhĂ€llssektorer, inklusive hushĂ„ll, hĂ€lso- och sjukvĂ„rd, utbildning, jordbruksverksamheter och företag. Att öka tillgĂ„ngen till elektricitet till lĂ€gsta möjliga kostnad i omrĂ„den som för nĂ€rvarande Ă€r underförsörjda krĂ€ver ett integrerat tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt som utnyttjar en kombination av expansion av nationella elnĂ€t, implementering av smĂ„skaliga elnĂ€t samt fristĂ„ende teknologier. Geospatiala elektrifieringsverktyg har utvecklats utifrĂ„n behovet av ett integrerat tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt för att öka tillgĂ„ngen till elektricitet, och anvĂ€nds för att informera policy och beslutsfattande. Dessa verktyg Ă€r en kategori av energisystemverktyg, som anvĂ€nder geospatial information för att förstĂ„ vilken teknik som ska anvĂ€ndas var, beroende pĂ„ bĂ„de lokala förutsĂ€ttningar för varje bosĂ€ttning i ett land eller en region och den befintliga energiinfrastrukturen. Antalet geospatiala elektrifieringsverktyg och analyser har ökat kraftigt sedan millennieskiftet, i synnerhet sedan början av 2010-talet. Vissa av dessa verktyg och analyser anvĂ€nder enklare analytiska uttryck för att identifiera den teknik som Ă€r mest kostnadseffektiv pĂ„ varje plats, medan andra ger mer detaljerad information kring utformningen av transmissions-, distributions- och elproduktionssystem för varje plats. Geospatiala elektrifieringsverktyg och analyser anvĂ€nds i allt större grad för beslutsfattande och planering i syfte att uppnĂ„ SDG 7. Denna avhandling syftar till att avancera state-of-the-art inom geospatial elektrifieringsmodellering, för att informera elektrifieringsinsatser. Avhandlingen undersöker sĂ€rskilt dynamiken mellan de tre typerna av elförsörjningstekniker (expansion av nationella elnĂ€t, smĂ„skaliga elnĂ€t och fristĂ„ende teknologier) under olika modelleringsmetoder, tidslinjer och scenarier. Tre forskningsfrĂ„gor, baserade pĂ„ befintliga forskningsgap i litteratur och tillĂ€mpningar, studeras i fyra publikationer. Varje publikation tillhandahĂ„ller dessutom en fallstudie pĂ„ ett av de lĂ€nder med störst brist pĂ„ tillgĂ„ng till elektricitet globalt, nĂ€mligen Burkina Faso, Etiopien, Somalia och Demokratiska Republiken Kongo (DRC). Den första forskningsfrĂ„gan utforskar hur anvĂ€ndningen av scenarier och simuleringar i geospatiala elektrifieringsmodellering kan förbĂ€ttras för att bĂ€ttre informera beslutsfattande och policy inom omrĂ„det för tillgĂ„ng till el. Brist pĂ„ data Ă€r allmĂ€nt erkĂ€nt som en central utmaning inom omrĂ„det, dĂ„ viktig data saknas, Ă€r ofullstĂ€ndiga eller av dĂ„lig kvalitet i mĂ„nga geografiska omrĂ„den. Detta i kombination med svĂ„righeter att förutspĂ„ latent elförbrukning i omrĂ„den som för nĂ€rvarande Ă€r underförsörjda, samt de mĂ„nga intressenterna inom omrĂ„det för tillgĂ„ng till el, kan göra det utmanande att utforma anvĂ€ndbara och informativa scenarier. Som svar pĂ„ detta presenterar den första artikeln den första analysen som anvĂ€nder sig av ”scenario discovery” inom geospatial elektrifieringsmodellering. I metoden scenario discovery produceras en stor uppsĂ€ttning simuleringar baserat pĂ„ variationer av modellparametrar. DĂ€refter tillĂ€mpas statistiska datautvinningsalgoritmer för att identifiera potentiella scenarier av intresse bland dessa simuleringar. Genom att anvĂ€nda denna metod identifieras nyckelscenarier som har högst risk att leda till höga elektrifieringskostnader samt högst chans till lĂ„ga kostnader i Burkina Faso. Den andra forskningsfrĂ„gan fokuserar pĂ„ tidsaspekten inom geospatial elektrifieringsmodellering, och syftar till att förstĂ„ hur olika tidslinjer förĂ€ndrar dynamiken mellan elektrifieringsteknologierna. Geospatiala elektrifieringsmodeller har, med nĂ„gra fĂ„ undantag, fokuserat pĂ„ att identifiera de minst kostsamma teknologierna för ett enda Ă„r, antingen 2030 eller tidigare. Detta ger dock begrĂ€nsad insikt om hur systemet kan utvecklas över tid. I den andra artikeln modelleras elektrifiering i Etiopien i 10-Ă„rsintervaller fram till 2070. ÖvergĂ„ngen mellan teknologierna under denna lĂ€ngre tidsram studeras under olika begrĂ€nsningar och nivĂ„er pĂ„ efterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ el. Vidare fokuserar den tredje artikeln pĂ„ hur tid inkorporeras i modellen. Genom en fallstudie av Somalia utforskas elektrifieringsalternativ bĂ„de fram till 2030 och 2040. Först körs modellen liknande en modell med perfekt framsynthet, dĂ€r de minst kostsamma elektrifieringslösningarna identifieras direkt för befolkningen och efterfrĂ„gan för Ă„r 2030 respektive 2040. DĂ€refter körs modellen i kortare tidssteg, först i femĂ„rstakt och sedan i ettĂ„rstakt, för att utforska hur de minst kostsamma lösningarna vid slutet av analysen Ă€ndras och vilka konsekvenser detta har för planeringen av elektricitetsĂ„tkomst. Resultaten frĂ„n bĂ„da fallstudierna visar att kortare tidsplanering ledde till relativt högre nivĂ„er av fristĂ„ende teknologier, medan mer lĂ„ngsiktig planering gynnar smĂ„skaliga elnĂ€t och det centrala nĂ€tet i större utstrĂ€ckning. Den tredje forskningsfrĂ„gan syftar till att belysa effekterna av olika modelleringsmetoder och modellkomplexitet inom geospatial elektrifieringsmodellering. Flera geospatiala elektrifieringsverktyg och metoder har utvecklats och tillĂ€mpats för att informera beslut och planering för ökad elektricitetsĂ„tkomst. Dessa verktyg och metoder skiljer sig Ă„t nĂ€r det gĂ€ller modellkomplexitet. En jĂ€mförelse av publicerade resultat frĂ„n geospatial elektrifieringsmodeller visar att Ă€ven i de fall dĂ€r de studerar samma region och liknande efterfrĂ„genivĂ„er, identifierar studierna olika andelar av de tre elektrifieringsteknologierna. Den fjĂ€rde artikeln presenterar det första flexibla geospatiala elektrifieringsverktyget, som kan ge bĂ„de snabba initiala bedömningar och mer detaljerade analyser i utbyte mot ökad modelleringstid. Genom en fallstudie av DRC undersöks effekterna av geospatial elektrifieringsmodellering frĂ„n den snabbare initiala bedömningen samt de mer detaljerade versionerna av verktyget. Skillnader i mixen av elektrifieringsteknologier med olika algoritmer i OnSSET-verktyget undersöks, liksom skillnaden i data- och berĂ€kningskrav

    New methods and applications to explore the dynamics of least-cost technologies in geospatial electrification modelling

    No full text
    Access to modern energy services is a pre-requisite for sustainable development. As such, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. However, as of 2021, 675 million people lack access to electricity, and 2.3 billion people lack access to clean cooking fuels. Electricity in particular can bring benefits to many sectors of society, including households, health facilities, educational facilities, agricultural activities and businesses. Providing such access in currently underserved areas at the lowest cost requires an integrated approach, utilizing a combination of extension of the centralized grid networks, deployment of mini-grids and stand-alone technologies. Given the need for an integrated approach to increase access to electricity, geospatial electrification tools have been developed and used to inform policy- and decision-making. These tools are a category of energy system tools that draws on geospatial information to understand which technology to use where, depending on the local characteristics of each settlement in a country or region as well as the existing energy infrastructure. The number of geospatial electrification tools and analyses have seen a steep increase since the start of the millennia, particularly since the 2010’s. Some of these tools and analyses use simpler analytical expressions to estimate the least-cost technology in each location, whereas others provide detailed design of transmission, distribution and generation systems.   Geospatial electrification tools and analyses are increasingly used for decision-making and planning purposes towards the achievement of universal access to electricity. This dissertation aims to advance the state of the art in geospatial electrification modelling to support electrification efforts. In particular, the thesis examines the dynamics between the three types of electricity supply technologies (grid-extension, mini-grids and stand-alone technologies) under different modelling approaches, timelines and scenarios. Three research questions based on gaps in existing literature and applications are studied and explored through four publications. Furthermore, each publication provides a case study on one of the countries with the largest electricity access gap globally, namely Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Somalia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The first research question explores how the use of scenarios and simulations in geospatial electrification modelling can be improved to better inform policy- and decision making in the field of electricity access. Lack of data is widely recognized as a key challenge in the field, as important datasets are missing, incomplete or of poor quality in many geographies. Combined with the difficulty of predicting latent electricity demand in currently underserved areas, and the numerous stakeholders in the field of electricity access, designing useful and informative scenarios can be challenging. In response to this, the first paper presents the first scenario discovery analysis in geospatial electrification modelling. In the scenario discovery approach, a large set of simulations based on variations of model parameters are computed. Next, statistical data-mining algorithms are applied to identify candidate scenarios of interest among these simulations. Using this approach, key scenarios that have the highest risk of leading to high electrification costs and scenarios that have the highest chance of low costs in Burkina Faso are identified. The second research question focuses on the time-aspect of geospatial electrification modelling, seeking to understand how the time-line selected changes the dynamics between the least-cost electrification technologies. With few exceptions, geospatial electrification models have focused on identifying the least-cost technologies by a single year, either 2030 or earlier. However, this provides limited insight on how the system may evolve over time. In paper II, least-cost electrification options in Ethiopia are modelled in 10-year intervals until 2070. The transition between technologies over this longer time-frame are studied under different constraints and demand levels. Furthermore, paper III focuses on how time is incorporated in the model. Through a case study of Somalia, least-cost technology options are explored both until 2030 and 2040. First, the model is run similar to a perfect foresight model, identifying the least-cost solutions directly for the population and demand by 2030 and 2040 respectively. Next, the model is run myopically, first in five-year time-steps and then in one-year time-steps, to explore how the least-cost solutions by the end year of the analysis change, and the implications this has for electricity access planning. The results of both case studies highlight that shorter term planning led to relatively higher levels of stand-alone technologies, whereas longer-term planning favors mini-grids and the grid to a larger extent. The third research question aims to shed light on the effects of different modelling approaches and model complexity in geospatial electrification modelling. Several geospatial electrification tools and frameworks have been developed and applied to inform decisions and planning towards increased electricity access. Naturally, these tools and frameworks differ in terms of modelling complexity. A comparison of published results from geospatial electrification models reveals that even in cases where these are studying the same region and similar demand levels, they identify different mixes of least-cost technology options. The fourth paper presents the first flexible geospatial electrification tool, which can provide both rapid first-pass assessments as well as more detailed analysis. Through a case study of the DRC, the effects on geospatial electrification modelling from the first-pass assessment and more detailed versions of the tool are explored. Differences in the least-cost technology mix using different algorithms in the OnSSET tool are explored, as well as the difference in data and computational requirements.TillgĂ„ng till moderna energitjĂ€nster Ă€r en förutsĂ€ttning för hĂ„llbar utveckling. Av den anledningen syftar mĂ„l 7 av de globala mĂ„len för hĂ„llbar utveckling (SDG 7) till att sĂ€kerstĂ€lla tillgĂ„ng till ekonomiskt överkomlig, tillförlitlig, hĂ„llbar och modern energi för alla. 2021 saknade dock 675 miljoner mĂ€nniskor tillgĂ„ng till elektricitet och 2.3 miljarder mĂ€nniskor tillgĂ„ng till rena matlagningsbrĂ€nslen. I synnerhet elektricitet kan medföra fördelar för mĂ„nga samhĂ€llssektorer, inklusive hushĂ„ll, hĂ€lso- och sjukvĂ„rd, utbildning, jordbruksverksamheter och företag. Att öka tillgĂ„ngen till elektricitet till lĂ€gsta möjliga kostnad i omrĂ„den som för nĂ€rvarande Ă€r underförsörjda krĂ€ver ett integrerat tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt som utnyttjar en kombination av expansion av nationella elnĂ€t, implementering av smĂ„skaliga elnĂ€t samt fristĂ„ende teknologier. Geospatiala elektrifieringsverktyg har utvecklats utifrĂ„n behovet av ett integrerat tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt för att öka tillgĂ„ngen till elektricitet, och anvĂ€nds för att informera policy och beslutsfattande. Dessa verktyg Ă€r en kategori av energisystemverktyg, som anvĂ€nder geospatial information för att förstĂ„ vilken teknik som ska anvĂ€ndas var, beroende pĂ„ bĂ„de lokala förutsĂ€ttningar för varje bosĂ€ttning i ett land eller en region och den befintliga energiinfrastrukturen. Antalet geospatiala elektrifieringsverktyg och analyser har ökat kraftigt sedan millennieskiftet, i synnerhet sedan början av 2010-talet. Vissa av dessa verktyg och analyser anvĂ€nder enklare analytiska uttryck för att identifiera den teknik som Ă€r mest kostnadseffektiv pĂ„ varje plats, medan andra ger mer detaljerad information kring utformningen av transmissions-, distributions- och elproduktionssystem för varje plats. Geospatiala elektrifieringsverktyg och analyser anvĂ€nds i allt större grad för beslutsfattande och planering i syfte att uppnĂ„ SDG 7. Denna avhandling syftar till att avancera state-of-the-art inom geospatial elektrifieringsmodellering, för att informera elektrifieringsinsatser. Avhandlingen undersöker sĂ€rskilt dynamiken mellan de tre typerna av elförsörjningstekniker (expansion av nationella elnĂ€t, smĂ„skaliga elnĂ€t och fristĂ„ende teknologier) under olika modelleringsmetoder, tidslinjer och scenarier. Tre forskningsfrĂ„gor, baserade pĂ„ befintliga forskningsgap i litteratur och tillĂ€mpningar, studeras i fyra publikationer. Varje publikation tillhandahĂ„ller dessutom en fallstudie pĂ„ ett av de lĂ€nder med störst brist pĂ„ tillgĂ„ng till elektricitet globalt, nĂ€mligen Burkina Faso, Etiopien, Somalia och Demokratiska Republiken Kongo (DRC). Den första forskningsfrĂ„gan utforskar hur anvĂ€ndningen av scenarier och simuleringar i geospatiala elektrifieringsmodellering kan förbĂ€ttras för att bĂ€ttre informera beslutsfattande och policy inom omrĂ„det för tillgĂ„ng till el. Brist pĂ„ data Ă€r allmĂ€nt erkĂ€nt som en central utmaning inom omrĂ„det, dĂ„ viktig data saknas, Ă€r ofullstĂ€ndiga eller av dĂ„lig kvalitet i mĂ„nga geografiska omrĂ„den. Detta i kombination med svĂ„righeter att förutspĂ„ latent elförbrukning i omrĂ„den som för nĂ€rvarande Ă€r underförsörjda, samt de mĂ„nga intressenterna inom omrĂ„det för tillgĂ„ng till el, kan göra det utmanande att utforma anvĂ€ndbara och informativa scenarier. Som svar pĂ„ detta presenterar den första artikeln den första analysen som anvĂ€nder sig av ”scenario discovery” inom geospatial elektrifieringsmodellering. I metoden scenario discovery produceras en stor uppsĂ€ttning simuleringar baserat pĂ„ variationer av modellparametrar. DĂ€refter tillĂ€mpas statistiska datautvinningsalgoritmer för att identifiera potentiella scenarier av intresse bland dessa simuleringar. Genom att anvĂ€nda denna metod identifieras nyckelscenarier som har högst risk att leda till höga elektrifieringskostnader samt högst chans till lĂ„ga kostnader i Burkina Faso. Den andra forskningsfrĂ„gan fokuserar pĂ„ tidsaspekten inom geospatial elektrifieringsmodellering, och syftar till att förstĂ„ hur olika tidslinjer förĂ€ndrar dynamiken mellan elektrifieringsteknologierna. Geospatiala elektrifieringsmodeller har, med nĂ„gra fĂ„ undantag, fokuserat pĂ„ att identifiera de minst kostsamma teknologierna för ett enda Ă„r, antingen 2030 eller tidigare. Detta ger dock begrĂ€nsad insikt om hur systemet kan utvecklas över tid. I den andra artikeln modelleras elektrifiering i Etiopien i 10-Ă„rsintervaller fram till 2070. ÖvergĂ„ngen mellan teknologierna under denna lĂ€ngre tidsram studeras under olika begrĂ€nsningar och nivĂ„er pĂ„ efterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ el. Vidare fokuserar den tredje artikeln pĂ„ hur tid inkorporeras i modellen. Genom en fallstudie av Somalia utforskas elektrifieringsalternativ bĂ„de fram till 2030 och 2040. Först körs modellen liknande en modell med perfekt framsynthet, dĂ€r de minst kostsamma elektrifieringslösningarna identifieras direkt för befolkningen och efterfrĂ„gan för Ă„r 2030 respektive 2040. DĂ€refter körs modellen i kortare tidssteg, först i femĂ„rstakt och sedan i ettĂ„rstakt, för att utforska hur de minst kostsamma lösningarna vid slutet av analysen Ă€ndras och vilka konsekvenser detta har för planeringen av elektricitetsĂ„tkomst. Resultaten frĂ„n bĂ„da fallstudierna visar att kortare tidsplanering ledde till relativt högre nivĂ„er av fristĂ„ende teknologier, medan mer lĂ„ngsiktig planering gynnar smĂ„skaliga elnĂ€t och det centrala nĂ€tet i större utstrĂ€ckning. Den tredje forskningsfrĂ„gan syftar till att belysa effekterna av olika modelleringsmetoder och modellkomplexitet inom geospatial elektrifieringsmodellering. Flera geospatiala elektrifieringsverktyg och metoder har utvecklats och tillĂ€mpats för att informera beslut och planering för ökad elektricitetsĂ„tkomst. Dessa verktyg och metoder skiljer sig Ă„t nĂ€r det gĂ€ller modellkomplexitet. En jĂ€mförelse av publicerade resultat frĂ„n geospatial elektrifieringsmodeller visar att Ă€ven i de fall dĂ€r de studerar samma region och liknande efterfrĂ„genivĂ„er, identifierar studierna olika andelar av de tre elektrifieringsteknologierna. Den fjĂ€rde artikeln presenterar det första flexibla geospatiala elektrifieringsverktyget, som kan ge bĂ„de snabba initiala bedömningar och mer detaljerade analyser i utbyte mot ökad modelleringstid. Genom en fallstudie av DRC undersöks effekterna av geospatial elektrifieringsmodellering frĂ„n den snabbare initiala bedömningen samt de mer detaljerade versionerna av verktyget. Skillnader i mixen av elektrifieringsteknologier med olika algoritmer i OnSSET-verktyget undersöks, liksom skillnaden i data- och berĂ€kningskrav

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    Geo-spatial electricity demand assessment & hybrid off-grid solutions to support electrification efforts using OnSSET : the case study of Tanzania

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    Increased access to modern energy fuels, especially electricity, is of high importance in order to promote sustainable development in developing countries. High quality planning processes using well developed energy models are required for globally increased electrification rates. The Open Source Spatial Electrification Tool (OnSSET) may be used for such purposes as it can model least cost electrification strategies in a region based both on increased grid-connection rates as well as off-grid electricity generation technologies. In this thesis some new developments to the methodology behind OnSSET have been studied. The first task was to add a new method of estimating residential electricity demand using remote sensing data. The second task was to add hybrid energy systems to the list of electricity generation technologies in OnSSET. The additions were also examined by means of a least cost electrification case study of Tanzania.   Strong correlations were found between residential electricity demand and GDP, electricity price and nighttime lights. One of these correlations was used to propose a new iterative method for setting residential electricity access targets in OnSSET. Some problems with the usability of NTL were discussed, and further research was proposed to examine the universality of the residential electricity demand correlations. Furthermore two mini-grid hybrid energy systems were developed for inclusion in OnSSET. PV-diesel hybrid systems were found to be cost-competitive with the already existing mini-grid technologies, while wind-diesel systems were found to be more expensive. It was discussed that the option of another method of choosing technology in OnSSET which includes more factors than simply LCOE may better capture the benefits of hybrid energy systems and allow for more diverse analyses. Finally it was found that a combination of grid-connection and off-grid technologies may be the most economic choice to reach 100% electrification rate in Tanzania for a cost between 2 and 55 billion USD depending on the level of electricity access target and choice of discount rate. PV technologies were found to be the dominating off-grid technologies in most cases.Ökad tillgĂ„ng till moderna energislag, inte minst elektricitet, Ă€r viktigt för frĂ€mjandet av hĂ„llbar utveckling i utvecklingslĂ€nder. För att öka tillgĂ„ngen till elektricitet pĂ„ en global nivĂ„ krĂ€vs det högkvalitativa planeringsprocesser som anvĂ€nder vĂ€lutvecklade energimodeller. Energimodellen Open Source Spatial Electrification Tool (OnSSET) kan anvĂ€ndas för detta Ă€ndamĂ„l dĂ„ den kan anvĂ€ndas för att berĂ€kna den mest kostnadseffektiva strategin för att öka elektrifieringsgraden i en region baserat pĂ„ ökad anslutning till det nationella elnĂ€tet kombinerat med fristĂ„ende off-grid teknologier. I denna avhandling har tvĂ„ nya tillĂ€gg för OnSSET studerats. Det första syftet var att med hjĂ€lp av fjĂ€rranalyserad data utveckla en metod för att uppskatta hushĂ„llskonsumtion av elektricitet. Det andra syftet var att lĂ€gga till hybrida elsystem till de sju nuvarande teknologikonfigurationerna i OnSSET. Resultaten av dessa tillĂ€gg studerades med hjĂ€lp av en fallstudie av Tanzania.   Starka korrelationer hittades mellan hushĂ„llens elkonsumtion och BNP, elpriset och mĂ€ngden nattligt ljus. Ett av dessa samband anvĂ€ndes för att föreslĂ„ en ny iterativ metod för att sĂ€tta mĂ„l gĂ€llande hushĂ„llens tillgĂ„ng till elektricitet i OnSSET. NĂ„gra problem gĂ€llande anvĂ€ndandet av nattligt ljus diskuterades och fortsatt arbete föreslogs dĂ€r man bland annat bör undersöka universaliteten av de korrelationer som upptĂ€ckts. Vidare utvecklades tvĂ„ modeller för hybrida mini-elnĂ€t som kan inkluderas i OnSSET. Hybrida sol-dieselsystem visade sig vara ekonomiskt konkurrenskraftiga med andra mini-elnĂ€tsteknologier medan hybrida vind-dieselsystem var signifikant dyrare. Det diskuterades att nya metoder för att vĂ€lja elteknologier i OnSSET som inkluderar fler aspekter Ă€n endast priset per kWh bĂ€ttre skulle kunna fĂ„nga nyttan av hybridsystem och Ă€ven möjliggöra en större vidd av analyser med hjĂ€lp av OnSSET. Slutligen sĂ„ pĂ„visade fallstudien att en kombination av anslutning till det nationella elnĂ€tet kombinerat med off-grid teknologier tycks vara det mest ekonomiska alternativet för att öka elektrifieringsgraden i Tanzania till 100%. Detta för en kostnad pĂ„ mellan 2 till 55 miljarder USD beroende pĂ„ energimĂ„l och diskonteringsrĂ€nta

    Geo-spatial electricity demand assessment & hybrid off-grid solutions to support electrification efforts using OnSSET : the case study of Tanzania

    No full text
    Increased access to modern energy fuels, especially electricity, is of high importance in order to promote sustainable development in developing countries. High quality planning processes using well developed energy models are required for globally increased electrification rates. The Open Source Spatial Electrification Tool (OnSSET) may be used for such purposes as it can model least cost electrification strategies in a region based both on increased grid-connection rates as well as off-grid electricity generation technologies. In this thesis some new developments to the methodology behind OnSSET have been studied. The first task was to add a new method of estimating residential electricity demand using remote sensing data. The second task was to add hybrid energy systems to the list of electricity generation technologies in OnSSET. The additions were also examined by means of a least cost electrification case study of Tanzania.   Strong correlations were found between residential electricity demand and GDP, electricity price and nighttime lights. One of these correlations was used to propose a new iterative method for setting residential electricity access targets in OnSSET. Some problems with the usability of NTL were discussed, and further research was proposed to examine the universality of the residential electricity demand correlations. Furthermore two mini-grid hybrid energy systems were developed for inclusion in OnSSET. PV-diesel hybrid systems were found to be cost-competitive with the already existing mini-grid technologies, while wind-diesel systems were found to be more expensive. It was discussed that the option of another method of choosing technology in OnSSET which includes more factors than simply LCOE may better capture the benefits of hybrid energy systems and allow for more diverse analyses. Finally it was found that a combination of grid-connection and off-grid technologies may be the most economic choice to reach 100% electrification rate in Tanzania for a cost between 2 and 55 billion USD depending on the level of electricity access target and choice of discount rate. PV technologies were found to be the dominating off-grid technologies in most cases.Ökad tillgĂ„ng till moderna energislag, inte minst elektricitet, Ă€r viktigt för frĂ€mjandet av hĂ„llbar utveckling i utvecklingslĂ€nder. För att öka tillgĂ„ngen till elektricitet pĂ„ en global nivĂ„ krĂ€vs det högkvalitativa planeringsprocesser som anvĂ€nder vĂ€lutvecklade energimodeller. Energimodellen Open Source Spatial Electrification Tool (OnSSET) kan anvĂ€ndas för detta Ă€ndamĂ„l dĂ„ den kan anvĂ€ndas för att berĂ€kna den mest kostnadseffektiva strategin för att öka elektrifieringsgraden i en region baserat pĂ„ ökad anslutning till det nationella elnĂ€tet kombinerat med fristĂ„ende off-grid teknologier. I denna avhandling har tvĂ„ nya tillĂ€gg för OnSSET studerats. Det första syftet var att med hjĂ€lp av fjĂ€rranalyserad data utveckla en metod för att uppskatta hushĂ„llskonsumtion av elektricitet. Det andra syftet var att lĂ€gga till hybrida elsystem till de sju nuvarande teknologikonfigurationerna i OnSSET. Resultaten av dessa tillĂ€gg studerades med hjĂ€lp av en fallstudie av Tanzania.   Starka korrelationer hittades mellan hushĂ„llens elkonsumtion och BNP, elpriset och mĂ€ngden nattligt ljus. Ett av dessa samband anvĂ€ndes för att föreslĂ„ en ny iterativ metod för att sĂ€tta mĂ„l gĂ€llande hushĂ„llens tillgĂ„ng till elektricitet i OnSSET. NĂ„gra problem gĂ€llande anvĂ€ndandet av nattligt ljus diskuterades och fortsatt arbete föreslogs dĂ€r man bland annat bör undersöka universaliteten av de korrelationer som upptĂ€ckts. Vidare utvecklades tvĂ„ modeller för hybrida mini-elnĂ€t som kan inkluderas i OnSSET. Hybrida sol-dieselsystem visade sig vara ekonomiskt konkurrenskraftiga med andra mini-elnĂ€tsteknologier medan hybrida vind-dieselsystem var signifikant dyrare. Det diskuterades att nya metoder för att vĂ€lja elteknologier i OnSSET som inkluderar fler aspekter Ă€n endast priset per kWh bĂ€ttre skulle kunna fĂ„nga nyttan av hybridsystem och Ă€ven möjliggöra en större vidd av analyser med hjĂ€lp av OnSSET. Slutligen sĂ„ pĂ„visade fallstudien att en kombination av anslutning till det nationella elnĂ€tet kombinerat med off-grid teknologier tycks vara det mest ekonomiska alternativet för att öka elektrifieringsgraden i Tanzania till 100%. Detta för en kostnad pĂ„ mellan 2 till 55 miljarder USD beroende pĂ„ energimĂ„l och diskonteringsrĂ€nta
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