359 research outputs found
Effects of prior exposure to animate objects on approach tendency in chicks
Earlier research has shown that brief amounts of social stimulation prior to testing results in an increased tendency in chicks to approach and follow a novel object. Those studies could not, however, distinguish between the effects of viewing animate objects and the effects of simple activation due to disturbances in the subjects' rearing situations. The current study manipulated the effects of environmental novelty and exposure to objects independently. It was found that exposure to a novel environment prior to testing produced evidence for activation. Exposure to objects during pronounced changes in the rearing condition reduced latency to approach a novel object in a later test, but exposure to a novel environment without exposure to objects, or exposure to objects under conditions of low environmental novelty, did not produce such a reduction.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33875/1/0000136.pd
Community‐Based Interdisciplinary Research: Introduction to the Special Issue
This special issue on community‐based interdisciplinary research grew out of the work of the SCRA Interdisciplinary Task Force and an Interdisciplinary Working Conference held at Vanderbilt University in May, 2004. In this introduction to the special issue, the historical context for interdisciplinary underpinnings for community psychology theory, research, action and training is first depicted. This is followed by a brief description of the mission and work of the recent SCRA Interdisciplinary Task Force and the Interdisciplinary Working Conference. The introduction concludes with a brief summary of the papers in the two main sections of the special issue, Prospects and Perspectives (four scholarly papers and three commentaries) and Community‐Based Interdisciplinary Action‐Research (four interdisciplinary action‐research projects).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117166/1/ajcp9063.pd
Social networks in public and community housing: the impact on employment outcomes
Author version made available here in accordance with publisher copyright policy.This article seeks to examine some of the ways in which social networks may contribute
to employment outcomes for community and public housing tenants. There is a body of
literature that explores the relationship between social networks and employment
outcomes, and a separate literature on the relationship between housing and social
networks (which is largely concerned with homeowners). However, there has been little
research that links all three aspects, especially in relation to social housing. This provides
a starting point for this research, which involved interviews with housing organisation
staff and focus groups with tenants in two case study areas in metropolitan Adelaide,
South Australia. This article reports on the findings through examining the way in which
housing tenure may affect social network formation, and considering the ways that these
networks can impact on job attainment. It is concluded that, overall, those in community
housing appeared to fare better, in terms of employment-conducive networks, than those
in public housing. This finding is related not just to the management of the housing, but
also to the broader issues of stigma, area-level deprivation and intergenerational
unemployment
К вопросу определения ошибки проектирования, оптимальных величин груза и диаметра проволоки при ориентировании шахты
Social Capital and Housing Tenure in an Adelaide Neighbourhood
Author version made available in accordance with publisher copyright policy.In this paper we compare and contrast elements of social capital across different housing tenures in an
Adelaide neighbourhood. Using the results of 530 self-completion questionnaires and in-depth
qualitative interviews with 16 people we assess perceptions of conflict across housing tenures and
between socioeconomic groups, feelings of acceptance and belonging in the local neighbourhood, and
levels of involvement in local formal and informal networks. While only a small number of
questionnaire respondents reported negative views of socioeconomic diversity in the area a common
theme emerging in the qualitative data indicated that housing tenure was relevant to some of these
negative perceptions. Respondents from across different tenure types also reported differences in
feelings of acceptance in the neighbourhood, and involvement in formal and informal networks. The
study findings suggest that housing tenure is relevant to the development of neighbourhood-based
social capital, and that this factor needs to be considered by social planners, housing policy makers and
others involved in implementing social mix policies. In addition, the findings indicate the need to
consider the community housing and public housing tenures in their own right, given the different
models of housing provision, rather than collectively under the common banner of social housing as
most research studies do. It is recommended that the full diversity of housing tenure is considered in
any future analysis
The spatial implications of homeworking: a Lefebvrian approach to the rewards and challenges of home-based work
In this theoretical article we propose an approach to the spatial implications of homeworking derived from the work of social theorist Henri Lefebvre. By highlighting the processes involved in the inherently contested and (re)constructed nature of space in the demarcated home/work environment we draw on Lefebvre to suggest a collapse of this demarcation. We consider the impact of such a collapse on questions relating to the rewards and challenges of home-based work for both workers and their co-residents. In contrast to our approach to the spatial implications of home-based work derived from Lefebvre, we argue that a traditional, Euclidean conception of space risks ignoring the important, symbolic nature of social space to the detriment of both the effective research and practice of homeworking
Travel-to-school distances in Sweden 2000–2006: changing school geography with equality implications
The effect of socioeconomic status on three-year mortality after first-ever ischemic stroke in Nanjing, China
BACKGROUND: Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with increased mortality after stroke in developed countries. This study was performed to determine whether a similar association also exists in China. METHODS: A total of 806 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke were enrolled in our study. From August 1999 to August 2005, the three-year all-cause mortality following the stroke was determined. Level of education, occupation, taxable income and housing space were used as indicators for SES. Stepwise univariate and multivariate COX proportional hazards models were used to study the association between the SES measures and the three-year mortality. RESULTS: Our analyses confirmed that occupation, taxable income and housing space were significantly associated with three-year mortality after first-ever stroke. Manual workers had a significant hazard ratio of 5.44 (95% CI 2.75 to 10.77) for death within three years when compared with non-manual workers. Those in the zero income group had a significant hazard ratio of 5.35 (95% CI 2.95 to 9.70) and those in the intermediate income group 2.10 (95% CI 1.24 to 3.58) when compared with those in the highest income group. Those in two of the three groups with the smallest housing space also had significant hazard ratios of 2.06 (95% CI 1.16 to 3.65) and 1.68 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.52) when compared with those in group with the largest housing space. These hazard ratios remained largely unchanged after multivariate adjustment for age, gender, baseline cardiovascular disease risk factors, and stroke severity. The analyses did not confirm an association with educational level. CONCLUSION: Lower SES has a negative impact on the outcome of first-ever stroke in Nanjing, China. This confirms the need to improve preventive and secondary care for stroke among low SES groups
Skin infection, housing and social circumstances in children living in remote Indigenous communities: testing conceptual and methodological approaches
BACKGROUND: Poor housing conditions in remote Indigenous communities in Australia are a major underlying factor in poor child health, including high rates of skin infections. The aim of this study is to test approaches to data collection, analysis and feedback for a follow-up study of the impact of housing conditions on child health. METHODS: Participation was negotiated in three communities with community councils and individual participants. Data were collected by survey of dwelling condition, interviews, and audit health centre records of children aged under seven years. Community feedback comprised immediate report of items requiring urgent repair followed by a summary descriptive report. Multivariate models were developed to calculate adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) for skin infections and their association with aspects of household infrastructure. RESULTS: There was a high level of participation in all communities. Health centre records were inadequate for audit in one community. The records of 138 children were available for development of multivariate analytic models. Rates of skin infection in dwellings that lacked functioning facilities for removing faeces or which had concrete floors may be up to twice as high as for other dwellings, and the latter association appears to be exacerbated by crowding. Younger children living in older dwellings may also be at approximately two-fold higher risk. A number of socioeconomic and socio-demographic variables also appear to be directly associated with high rates of skin infections. CONCLUSION: The methods used in the pilot study were generally feasible, and the analytic approach provides meaningful results. The study provides some evidence that new and modern housing is contributing to a reduction in skin infections in Aboriginal children in remote communities, particularly when this housing leads to a reduction in crowding and the effective removal of human waste
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