Perceptions and Impacts of Unpaid Internships within Expressive Therapies Education: A Literature Review

Internships are an essential part of expressive therapies education as they prepare students with the necessary skills for clinical work. In the current model, it has been normalized for internships to be unpaid despite a lack of documented rationale behind this practice. This review uses the available literature on internships to question and critically analyze unpaid internships in expressive therapies education. In recent years, increased criticism has been expressed about the practice of unpaid internships across many industries. Research has shown that students with more connection to social, cultural, and financial capital are favored for internships, creating inequitable access. Those who cannot afford an unpaid internship are effectively barred from the field. For those who can afford it, there are increasing concerns about the psychosocial impact of this experience on students. Using the literature, it’s argued that unpaid internships perpetuate societal patterns of devaluation, conflict with expressive therapies principles, and impede social justice movements for paid internships and equitable access to education and employment. This review reveals an extensive gap in the literature regarding unpaid internships in expressive therapies education. Questions for further research on this topic are provided

Finding Flow in Photography

The associations I bring to an image are unique to me and my life experiences. I did not fully appreciate this until, as a photographer, I began to produce a body of work about activities that provide a refuge for me from the challenges of everyday life. I am an avid runner. For me running is a spiritual experience that renews my spirits and gives me hope. I took photos of the physical act of running and I was very disappointed with the results. The images failed to capture or recreate the sensations that I experienced while running. They elicited a full range of responses from viewers depending on their own personal experiences. There were those who abhorred running and had strong feelings of dislike. Even fellow runners brought completely different associations about running to the images. I became aware that it was more important to me to capture the way running made me feel than it was to document the actual activity itself. To create images of feelings, I found I needed to be able to articulate those feelings first, in verbal metaphors and then in turn in visual metaphors

The Rio Virgin: A Turbulent River, Mormon Pioneers, and the Creation of a Landscape 1854-1921

This thesis explores the changes to the landscape of the Virgin River Basin by Mormon pioneers and the environment between 1854 and 1921. This thesis shows the ways in which the Mormons replaced the local vegetation of the basin with new crops and expanded the area available for farming through the use of irrigation canals and different farming techniques. Along with showing the ways in which the Mormons changed the landscape the thesis explores the ways in which environmental changes played into this process. The process of creating the new landscape of the Virgin River Basin involved both natural and human made forces, showing that the creation of a landscape is dependent on various factors. The processes found in the creation of this new landscape can be applied to the creations of new landscapes and the process of Climate Change

Happiness in Plural Marriage: An Exploration of Logic

It is difficult for any monogamous person, but especially a monogamous woman to understand how living a life of polygamy could be considered joyful and fulfilling. Being a young woman, happily married to my “true love,” the idea that the same kind of happiness I feel could exist in a plural relationship at first seemed completely illogical to me. However, as Kathleen Flake pointed out in the 2009 Arrington Memorial Lecture, “logic is not an absolute set of assertions about something. People that share your premises will think you’re logical, whereas people that don’t believe the same things as you will think you are illogical.” Although the historical consensus is that polygamy was an instrument of social control that oppressed women and led to a monopolization of power and resources, when successful Victorian marriages are compared to successful polygamous marriages, the Mormon polygamous marriages produced more empowerment for women, whereas traditional Victorian marriages produced dependency that only oppressed women

Structuring Pre-Plea Criminal Discovery

Ninety-seven percent of federal convictions come from guilty pleas. Defendants rely on prosecutors for much of the information about the government’s case on which the decision to plead is based. Although federal prosecutors routinely turn over most necessary discovery to the defense, the law does not generally require them to turn over any discovery before the guilty plea. This can lead to innocent defendants pleading guilty and to guilty defendants pleading guilty without information that could have affected the agreed-upon sentence. This Article argues that the lack of a judicially enforceable pre-plea discovery regime flouts structural protections that due process is supposed to provide. Defendants who plead not guilty and go to trial get a jury to adjudicate guilt and a judge to preside over the proceedings and pronounce sentence. The judge and jury hear an adversarial presentation of the evidence, and the judge at sentencing can consider an even broader spectrum of information about the defendant and the crime. But defendants who plead guilty effectively act as their own judge and jury. Unfortunately, because prosecutors are not required to provide any pre-plea discovery, the defendant who pleads guilty may not have nearly as much information as the judge and jury would have had at trial and sentencing. The Supreme Court has employed a balancing test to determine whether a particular procedure comports with due process. This Article proposes tailoring that test to the pre-plea discovery context. The proposed test would ask (1) whether the defense is getting sufficient information before the guilty plea to promote accurate sorting of the innocent from the guilty and reasonably informed and consistent sentencing; (2) whether there are clear rules that allow judges, before a guilty plea, to regulate prosecutors’ decisions not to disclose; and (3) whether the production of pre-plea discovery in a given case imposes undue costs on society. One hopeful development is that several district courts, pursuant to congressionally-granted authority, have promulgated local rules for pre-plea discovery. I argue that these time-tested local rule innovations should be incorporated into the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, to give clear standards to prosecutors and authority to judges to enforce expansive pre-plea discovery