Die Vermessung des Lernens. Objektivierung und Subjektivierung in digitalen Lernplattformen

Die Autorin bestimmt in systematischer Perspektive das Verhältnis von Objektivierung und Subjektivierung über das Medium der Prüfung. Dabei fokussiert sie sich auf die stattfindenden Digitalisierungsprozesse im Bereich des Lernens und hier im Besonderen auf die Möglichkeiten von Learning Analytics. Diese Änderungen haben Konsequenzen für die Konzeption des Lernsubjekts. Nach den theoretisch-philosophischen Ausführungen arbeitet die Autorin ihre Befunde am Beispiel einer web-basierten Lernplattform heraus, die neue Formen der technischen Steuerung und Optimierung von (Lern-)Verhalten verspricht. Vor dem Hintergrund bildungstheoretischer Überlegungen wird dieses Versprechen im Hinblick auf seine pädagogischen Konsequenzen und nach den durch Digitalisierungsprozesse evozierten Transformationen im Erziehungsfeld befragt

Remarks on the Educational Distrust of Examinations and the Promise of a Digital Problem Solving

Dieser Artikel lotet verschiedene Spielarten eines pädagogischen Misstrauens gegen die Prüfung aus. Hierfür werden zunächst schulpädagogische Auseinandersetzungen v. a. zu den Problematiken der Leistungsbeurteilung diskutiert. Dafür wird erstens auf die Selektionsfunktion der Schule Bezug genommen, zweitens die Differenz zwischen Standardisierung und Individualisierung der Leistungsmessung betrachtet und drittens das Problem der prognostischen Möglichkeiten von Noten in Bezug auf künftigen Lernerfolg thematisiert. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser drei Argumentationslinien verdichtet sich das Misstrauen gegen die Prüfung als ein unauflösbarer Streit, nicht nur in der Wahl um die angemessenen Instrumente der Leistungsbeurteilung, sondern auch in der Frage danach, wie pädagogisch angemessen mit der diagnostischen Aufgabe umzugehen ist. Das neue Forschungsfeld der Learning Analytics wird anschliessend als eine mögliche Antwort auf diese Frage thematisiert, und es wird gezeigt, wie mit digitalen Prüfungspraktiken das Versprechen einhergeht, auf die genannten Probleme zu reagieren und das schulische Lernen insgesamt zu optimieren. Gleichzeitig wird deutlich gemacht, dass auf diese Weise hinsichtlich des Lernsubjekts, des Lerngegenstands und der pädagogischen Beziehungen Verengungsdynamiken produziert werden. Der Beitrag schliesst mit der Frage danach, inwiefern das Auslagern der Prüfung an digitale Tools mit einem Verantwortungsverlust der pädagogisch Handelnden verbunden ist.This article explores several forms of educational distrust towards examinations. In the first part of the paper, the discourse on school performance evaluation is scrutinized and three issues will be discussed: Firstly, reference is made to how school examinations serve as a selection mechanism. Secondly, the difference between standardization and individualization of assessment is considered. Thirdly, the predictability of future success on the grounds of grades is discussed. These three arguments nourish the distrust of examination and bring about an unresolvable dispute with respect to the appropriate measures of performance evaluation and their choice. However, the dispute also concerns the question of how to perform diagnostics in a way that is educationally acceptable. Scholars from the new research field of Learning Analytics see digitalized practices of assessment as solutions to these problems, while also promising an optimization of processes of school-based learning. At the same time, however, it is obvious that these new forms produce reductions in complexity for both the subject and the object of learning, as well as the pedagogical relation in general. The article concludes with the question whether digitized examinations bring about a loss of pedagogical responsibility for those involved in education

Functional Analysis of Sam68 during Forebrain and Oligodendrocyte development

During the development of the central nervous sytem (CNS) the maturation of oligodendrocytes occurs through the tightly regulated activity of diverse intrinsic and extrinsic signalling factors. Our group identified the STAR-family protein Sam68 as one of those intrinsic cues involved in oligodendrocyte differentiation. The level of Sam68 increases with ongoing maturation and it regulates the expression of Myelin Basic Protein (MBP). Despite its role in OPC (oligodendrocyte precursor cells) maturation, previous studies already identified Sam68 as a promotor of neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation and as a Tenascin-C- regulated target gene. However, the mechanism(s) how Sam68 regulates NSC and particularly oligodendrocyte development remained incompletely understood. This thesis provides completely new insights into the role of Sam68 during forebrain and particularly, oligodendrocyte development. Furthermore, my results exhibit hnRNPA1 as a new interaction partner of Sam68 in oligodendrocyte development and provide a basic concept for the regulation of MBP-expression through both proteins. Our group already investigated the general expression pattern of the three STAR-family members, Sam68, Slm-1 and Slm-2 and showed a specific expression of all three proteins during forebrain development. The present thesis characterised for the first time the identity of Sam68 expressing cells during forebrain development. Neuroepithelial, radial glia cells and their derivative cell types were exhibited to express Sam68. Furthermore, time-dependent cell culture experiments revealed a significant shift in the expression pattern towards differentiating cells. These findings supported earlier studies of our group indicating a promotive role of Sam68 in cell differentiation. The second part describes a successfully established method for the high efficiency transfection of non-adherent primary rat OPCs. This new transfection protocol enables for the first time the reproducible transfection of non-adherent OPCs with a high viability, a regular maturation pattern and an acceptable transfection efficiency. Regarding the time-consuming and low yield isolation of OPCs, this method represents a big advantage and provides the basis for the main goal of this thesis, which displays the determination of the role of Sam68 during oligodendrocyte development. Although oligodendrocytes count to the best characterised cell types within the CNS, many intracellular signalling pathways regulating their development and differentiation remained elusive. Here, I discovered the respective Sam68 domains which modulates cell growth, MBP-expression and myelin-sheet formation. The complete RNA-binding domain and the NLS-sequence were shown to be relevant for the regulation of MBP-expression as well as for the formation of myelin-sheets. The relevance of the NLS-sequence and the knowledge about Sam68 as a regulator of alternative splicing events led to the assumption that Sam68 may regulate MBP-expression through modulating its splicing. The well-studied splicing regulator hnRNPA1 was already shown to regulate the alternative splicing of myelin-associated glycoprotein in cooperation with the STAR-family member Quaking I. Thus, I assumed a similar interaction of Sam68 and hnRNPA1 in the regulation of MBP expression. Indeed, MBP-level was downregulated after an hnRNPA1 knockdown and this effect was intensified after an additional overexpression of Sam68. These results provide a good basis to unravel the very complex regulation between Sam68 and hnRNPA1 in oligodendrocyte development

Do neurologists in Germany adhere to the national Parkinson’s disease guideline?

Implementation of guidelines can improve clinical practice. The aim in this study was to investigate whether neurologists in Germany adhered to the national Parkinson’s disease guideline. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of 60 neurologists. Analyses were performed on 320 patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease with either low grades of functional impairment (Hoehn and Yahr stage I) or higher grades of functional impairment (stage II–V) but without motor complications. The sample was divided into four groups depending on age and grade of functional impairment. For each group, a biometric parameter on the use of dopamine agonists and L-dopa was defined based on the guideline. In patients aged <70 years, the recommendation to use dopamine agonists without L-dopa (parameter 1) was observed in 53% of patients with lower grades of functional impairment, whilst recommended use of dopamine agonists in more functionally impaired patients (parameter 2) was followed to a greater extent (84%). In patients aged ≥70 years, recommendations to use L-dopa without dopamine agonists were adhered to in only 50% of less functionally impaired (parameter 3) and 52% of more functionally impaired (parameter 4) patients. In conclusion, our results indicated there was moderate but not full adherence to the guideline

Who cares about Übergänge?

Der Zusammenhang von Wissenschaft und Klassismus wird im Beitrag thematisiert. Dazu wird das „Werden zur:m Akademiker:in“ in den Blick genommen und als Übergangsprozess konturiert, dessen Gestalt|ung und erlebte Erfahrung mit der jeweiligen sozialen Herkunft zu differieren scheint. Im Fokus der diesbezüglichen Argumentation steht eine Problematisierung von „ungleichen biografischen Ausgangsbedingungen im Kampf um Anerkennung“, die an Fragen des geregelten Zugangs und Eintritts in das Feld der Wissenschaft und dessen (Selbst-) Thematisierung und somit Sichtbarmachung verhandelt werden. (DIPF/Orig.

Using Combinatorial Inkjet Printing for Synthesis and Deposition of Metal Halide Perovskites in Wavelength‐Selective Photodetectors

Metal halide perovskites have received great attention in recent years, predominantly due to the high performance of perovskite solar cells. The versatility of the material, which allows the tunability of the bandgap, has led to its use in light-emitting diodes, photo, and X-ray detectors, among other optoelectronic device applications. Specifically in photodetectors, the tunability of the bandgap allows fabrication of spectrally selective devices. Utilizing a combinatorial inkjet printing approach, multiple perovskite compositions absorbing at specific wavelengths in a single printing step are fabricated. The drop-on-demand capabilities of inkjet printing enable the deposition of inks in a precise ratio to produce specific perovskite compositions in the printed thin film. By controlling the halide ratio in the compositions, a mixed halide gradient ranging from pure MAPbI3 via MAPbBr3 to MAPbCl3 is produced. The tunability in the absorption onset from 410 to 790 nm is demonstrated, covering the whole visible spectrum, with a precision of 8 nm steps for MAPb(BrxCl1−x)3 compositions. From this range of mixed halide perovskites, photodetectors which show spectral selectivity corresponding to the measured absorption onset are demonstrated, paving the way for use in a printed visible light spectrometer without the need for a dispersion element.Peer Reviewe

Unusual multisystemic involvement and a novel BAG3 mutation revealed by NGS screening in a large cohort of myofibrillar myopathies

Myofibrillar myopathies (MFM) are a group of phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous neuromuscular disorders, which are characterized by protein aggregations in muscle fibres and can be associated with multisystemic involvement.Methods We screened a large cohort of 38 index patients with MFM for mutations in the nine thus far known causative genes using Sanger and next generation sequencing (NGS). We studied the clinical and histopathological characteristics in 38 index patients and five additional relatives (n = 43) and particularly focused on the associated multisystemic symptoms.Results We identified 14 heterozygous mutations (diagnostic yield of 37%), among them the novel p.Pro209Gln mutation in the BAG3 gene, which was associated with onset in adulthood, a mild phenotype and an axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy, in the absence of giant axons at the nerve biopsy. We revealed several novel clinical phenotypes and unusual multisystemic presentations with previously described mutations: hearing impairment with a FLNC mutation, dysphonia with a mutation in DES and the first patient with a FLNC mutation presenting respiratory insufficiency as the initial symptom. Moreover, we described for the first time respiratory insufficiency occurring in a patient with the p.Gly154Ser mutation in CRYAB. Interestingly, we detected a polyneuropathy in 28% of the MFM patients, including a BAG3 and a MYOT case, and hearing impairment in 13%, including one patient with a FLNC mutation and two with mutations in the DES gene. In four index patients with a mutation in one of the MFM genes, typical histological findings were only identified at the ultrastructural level (29%).Conclusions We conclude that extraskeletal symptoms frequently occur in MFM, particularly cardiac and respiratory involvement, polyneuropathy and/or deafness. BAG3 mutations should be considered even in cases with a mild phenotype or an adult onset. We identified a genetic defect in one of the known genes in less than half of the MFM patients, indicating that more causative genes are still to be found. Next generation sequencing techniques should be helpful in achieving this aim

Ex vivo-expanded highly pure ABCB5+ mesenchymal stromal cells as good manufacturing practice-compliant autologous advanced therapy medicinal product for clinical use: Process validation and first in-human data

© 2020 International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy Background aim: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold promise for the treatment of tissue damage and injury. However, MSCs comprise multiple subpopulations with diverse properties, which could explain inconsistent therapeutic outcomes seen among therapeutic attempts. Recently, the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter ABCB5 has been shown to identify a novel dermal immunomodulatory MSC subpopulation. Methods: The authors have established a validated Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant expansion and manufacturing process by which ABCB5+ MSCs can be isolated from skin tissue and processed to generate a highly functional homogeneous cell population manufactured as an advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP). This product has been approved by the German competent regulatory authority to be tested in a clinical trial to treat therapy-resistant chronic venous ulcers. Results: As of now, 12 wounds in nine patients have been treated with 5 × 105 autologous ABCB5+ MSCs per cm2 wound area, eliciting a median wound size reduction of 63% (range, 32–100%) at 12 weeks and early relief of pain. Conclusions: The authors describe here their GMP- and European Pharmacopoeia-compliant production and quality control process, report on a pre-clinical dose selection study and present the first in-human results. Together, these data substantiate the idea that ABCB5+ MSCs manufactured as ATMPs could deliver a clinically relevant wound closure strategy for patients with chronic therapy-resistant wounds