Influence of chlorhexidine and zinc oxide in calcium hydroxide pastes on pH changes in external root surface

The objective of this study was to assess the influence of chlorhexidine (liquid and gel) and zinc oxide in calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes on root pH in simulated external resorption. One hundred human anterior teeth with a single root canal were selected. After decoronation and root canal instrumentation, the specimens were divided into 4 experimental groups and 1 control group (without intracanal paste): CH + saline (CH+S), CH + 2% chlorhexidine liquid (CH+ CHX), CH + 2% chlorhexidine gel (CH+ CHXg), and CH + 2% chlorhexidine gel + zinc oxide (CH+ CHXg+ZnO). pH was measured using a microelectrode at 3 and 24 h, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after inserting intracanal pastes. Data were analyzed statistically using an ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The CH+CHXg+ZnO group had the highest pH values throughout (p < 0.05). The CH+S and CH+ CHX groups had the highest pH values after 1 week and the CH+ CHXg group after 2 weeks. CH+ CHXg maintained the highest pH until the fourth week compared with CH+ CHX (p < 0.05). The control group remained at a neutral pH at all evaluated times. It can be concluded that chlorhexidine solution or gel maintained the alkaline pH of CH, and chlorhexidine gel allowed a slower decrease in pH over time. CH+ CHXg+ZnO showed the highest pH values and was an effective intracanal medication for maintaining alkaline root pH in the area of resorption3

Stability of Closed Timelike Curves in Goedel Universe

We study, in some detail, the linear stability of closed timelike curves in the Goedel metric. We show that these curves are stable. We present a simple extension (deformation) of the Goedel metric that contains a class of closed timelike curves similar to the ones associated to the original Goedel metric. This extension correspond to the addition of matter whose energy-momentum tensor is analyzed. We find the conditions to have matter that satisfies the usual energy conditions. We study the stability of closed timelike curves in the presence of usual matter as well as in the presence of exotic matter (matter that does satisfy the above mentioned conditions). We find that the closed timelike curves in Goedel universe with or whithout the inclusion of regular or exotic matter are also stable under linear perturbations. We also find a sort of structural stability.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, RevTex, several typos corrected. GRG, in pres

Spinning Strings, Black Holes and Stable Closed Timelike Geodesics

The existence and stability under linear perturbation of closed timelike curves in the spacetime associated to Schwarzschild black hole pierced by a spinning string are studied. Due to the superposition of the black hole, we find that the spinning string spacetime is deformed in such a way to allow the existence of closed timelike geodesics.Comment: 5 pages, RevTex4, some corrections and new material adde

Revision of the life history parameters (proportion of mature and mean weights at age) for the Iberian (south) sardine stock (ICES 8c and 9a)

Maturity and stock weights at age used in sardine assessment up to 2012 were obatined from (Portuguese and Spanish) spring acoustic surveys biological data. Following a recommendation of the WGANSA, the possible alternative use of the Daily Egg Production Method (DEPM) surveys to estimate maturity at age was evaluated, and a revision of these maturity ogives was undertaken for the last benchmark assessment (Silva et al. 2011, WKPELA 2012), the WG having decided that DEPM maturity ogives should be used in the assessment, and for years with no DEPM survey, 80% of fish mature would be assumed at age 1 (corresponding approximately to the historical mean of DEPM ogives), and for simplicity, 100% of fish are mature at age 2. But these estimates were obtained including information from both DEPM and acoustic surveys: maturity data from the DEPM for each stratum and year were combined to obtain stock estimates, using abundances at age from acoustic surveys as weighting factors; however, in most years, 1-2 months lagged between the two surveys in W and S strata. Revision of weights at age could not be carried out in 2012 due to time constraints, but the WGHANSA believes that it makes more sense that both life history parameters be derived from the same surveys. This WD describes the revision of both maturity and stock weights at age estimates, based uniquely on the DEPM surveys

An alternative order parameter for the 4-state Potts model

We have investigated the dynamic critical behavior of the two-dimensional 4-state Potts model using an alternative order parameter first used by Vanderzande [J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. \textbf{20}, L549 (1987)] in the study of the Z(5) model. We have estimated the global persistence exponent $\theta_g$ by following the time evolution of the probability $P(t)$ that the considered order parameter does not change its sign up to time $t$. We have also obtained the critical exponents $\theta$, $z$, $\nu$, and $\beta$ using this alternative definition of the order parameter and our results are in complete agreement with available values found in literature.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure

Stellar Inversion Techniques

Stellar seismic inversions have proved to be a powerful technique for probing the internal structure of stars, and paving the way for a better understanding of the underlying physics by revealing some of the shortcomings in current stellar models. In this lecture, we provide an introduction to this topic by explaining kernel-based inversion techniques. Specifically, we explain how various kernels are obtained from the pulsation equations, and describe inversion techniques such as the Regularised Least-Squares (RLS) and Optimally Localised Averages (OLA) methods.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures. Lecture presented at the IVth Azores International Advanced School in Space Sciences on "Asteroseismology and Exoplanets: Listening to the Stars and Searching for New Worlds" (arXiv:1709.00645), which took place in Horta, Azores Islands, Portugal in July 201

Food authentication by molecular methods

Quality and authenticity evaluation of foods encompasses many issues, such as the entire or partial fraudulent substitution of higher commercial value constituents by others with lower value and the presence of undeclared constituents/ingredients. To protect consumers from misleading labeling, regulations issued across the world have implemented specific guidelines and listed particular foods that sh ould be declared on the label. Particularly in the case of genetically modified foods, the introduc tion of specific regulations for labeling and traceability of genetically modified organisms (GMO) aimed to protect human health and environment and to give the consumer an informed choice. To address the referred food authenticity/safety problems, several analytical methodologies have been developed, particularly in processed foods, including refined oil matrices. For the first time, monitoring of amplifiable DNA in all the stages of a chemical refining industrial unit of soyb ean oil was succeeded by PCR techniques. Mo reover, we have also proved that it is possible to detect GM soybean along the refining process of crude oil. The study was also extended with success to commercial refined oils produced from blends and pure soybean

A noninvasive eDNA tool for detecting sea lamprey larvae in river sediments: Analytical validation and field testing in a low-abundance ecosystem.

Anthropogenic activities are increasingly threatening aquatic biodiversity, especially anadromous species. Monitoring and conservation measures are thus required to protect, maintain and restore imperilled populations. While many species can be surveyed using traditional capture and visual census techniques, species that use riverine habitats in a less conspicuous manner, such as sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, can be more challenging to monitor. Sea lamprey larvae (ammocoetes) can spend several years in freshwater burrowed within soft sediments, inhibiting their detection and assessment. Here, we present a qPCR assay based on the detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) to identify the presence of ammocoetes burrowed in the sediment. We present an extensively validated method that ensured both species-specificity of the assay as well as the capacity to detect ammocoetes when abundances are low. Experiments on burrowing activity suggested that most of the DNA released into the sediment occurs during burrowing. Overall, we demonstrate this new molecular-based tool is an efficient and effective complement to traditional monitoring activities targeting larval stages of sea lampreys