207 research outputs found

    Endocrine Disruptors and Leydig Cell Function

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    During the past decades, a large body of information concerning the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) on animals and humans has been accumulated. EDCs are of synthetic or natural origin and certain groups are known to disrupt the action of androgens and to impair the development of the male reproductive tract and external genitalia. The present overview describes the effects of the different classes of EDCs, such as pesticides, phthalates, dioxins, and phytoestrogens, including newly synthesized resveratrol analogs on steroidogenesis in Leydig cells. The potential impact of these compounds on androgen production by Leydig cells during fetal development and in the adult age is discussed. In addition, the possible role of EDCs in connection with the increasing frequency of abnormalities in reproductive development in animals and humans is discussed

    Vasemman aivopuoliskon aivoinfarktin sairastaneiden tutkimushenkilöiden kielellisen ymmÀrtÀmisen ja kielellisen työmuistin kuntoutuminen vuoden seurannassa

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    Aivoinfarkti aiheuttaa suurelle osalle sairastuneista erilaisia elÀmÀnlaatua heikentÀviÀ vajaatoimintoja ja haittoja, muun muassa kognitiivisten toimintojen vaikeuksia. NÀmÀ vaikeudet aiheuttavat sekÀ kansantaloudellista kuormitusta ettÀ heikentÀvÀt sairastuneiden henkilöiden elÀmÀnlaatua. TÀmÀn tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tarkastella miten vasemman aivopuoliskon aivoinfarktin sairastaneiden tutkimushenkilöiden kielellinen ymmÀrtÀminen, kielellinen työmuisti ja neurologiset yleisoireet kuntoutuvat vuoden seurannan aikana. LisÀksi tarkasteltiin, onko akuuttivaiheessa todetulla afasialla, iÀllÀ, sukupuolella tai koulutuksen pituudella merkitystÀ kuntoutumisprosessissa ja ovatko kielellisen ymmÀrtÀmisen taidot, kielellinen työmuisti tai neurologinen status yhteydessÀ toisiinsa. Tutkimukseen osallistui 36 vasemman aivopuoliskon aivoinfarktin sairastanutta tutkimushenkilöÀ, joille tehtiin samat tutkimukset kymmenen pÀivÀn sisÀllÀ sairastumisesta sekÀ kuuden ja 12 kuukauden jÀlkeen sairastumisesta. Tutkimuksissa heidÀn kielellistÀ ymmÀrtÀmistÀÀn mitattiin WAB-testin (Western Aphasia Battery) ymmÀrtÀmisen tehtÀvillÀ ja esittÀmÀllÀ kyllÀ/ei-kysymyksiÀ juuri kerrotusta kertomuksesta. KielellistÀ työmuistia mitattiin saman kuullun kertomuksen mieleen palauttamistehtÀvÀllÀ (toistokerrontatehtÀvÀ), ja neurologista statusta arvioitiin NIHSS-mittarilla (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale). Koko aineistossa tutkimushenkilöiden kielellinen ymmÀrtÀminen ja kielellinen työmuisti palautuivat sekÀ neurologiset yleisoireet lievittyivÀt akuuttivaiheen ja kuuden kuukauden vÀlillÀ. Kuuden kuukauden jÀlkeen ei enÀÀ havaittu tilastollisesti merkitseviÀ muutoksia. Korkea ikÀ, vÀhÀiset koulutusvuodet ja akuuttivaiheessa todettu afasia olivat yhteydessÀ siihen, ettÀ kielellisessÀ työmuistissa ei havaittu muutosta seurannan aikana. YksittÀisten taustamuuttujien vaikutuksista kuntoutumisprosessissa ei kuitenkaan voi tehdÀ yleistÀviÀ johtopÀÀtöksiÀ, sillÀ taustamuuttujat olivat kietoutuneet toisiinsa. HyvÀt kielellisen ymmÀrtÀmisen taidot olivat yhteydessÀ kielellisen työmuistin toimivuuteen, ja kielellisen ymmÀrtÀmisen taidot akuuttivaiheessa myös ennustivat kielellisen työmuistin toimivuutta puolen vuoden pÀÀssÀ sairastumisesta. LievÀt neurologiset yleisoireet olivat yhteydessÀ hyviin kielellisen ymmÀrtÀmisen taitoihin WAB-testistöllÀ mitattuna, mutta kielellisen työmuistin toimivuuteen ne eivÀt sen sijaan olleet yhteydessÀ seurannan missÀÀn vaiheessa. TÀmÀ tutkimus osoitti, ettÀ vaikka kielellisen ymmÀrtÀmisen taidot kuntoutuvat vuoden seurannan aikana, kielellisen työmuistin taidot pysyvÀt joissain ryhmissÀ akuuttivaiheen tasolla. Kielellisen työmuistin tarkastelun tulisikin olla tÀrkeÀ puheterapeuttinen vÀline lievien kielellisten vaikeuksien arvioinnissa. Kognitiivisten toimintojen yhteys, joka myös tuli tutkimuksessa esille, osoittaa puheterapeutin ja neuropsykologin yhteistyön merkityksen. Jatkossa olisi kiinnostavaa tarkastella, miten aivoinfarktikuntoutujat ymmÀrtÀvÀt ja muistavat yksittÀisiÀ kertomuksia laajempia kokonaisuuksia. TÀllöin voitaisiin paremmin huomioida muun muassa tarkkaavaisuuden ja vÀsymisen merkitys

    Alternative (backdoor) androgen production and masculinization in the human fetus

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    Funding: The study was supported by the following grants: Chief Scientist Office (Scottish Executive, CZG/4/742) (PAF and PJOS) (http://www.cso.scot.nhs.uk/funding-2/); NHS Grampian Endowments 08/02 (PAF and PJOS) and 15/1/010 (PAF, PF, US, and PJOS) (https://www.nhsgcharities.com/); the Glasgow Children’s Hospital Research Charity Research Fund, YRSS/PHD/2016/05 (NW, MB, PJOS, and PAF) (http://www.glasgowchildrenshospitalcharity.org/research/glasgow-childrens-hospital-charity-research-fund); the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement number 212885 (PAF) (https://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/index_en.cfm); Medical Research Council Grants MR/L010011/1 (PAF and PJOS) and MR/K501335/1 (MB, PAF, and PJOS) (https://mrc.ukri.org/); and the Kronprinsessan Lovisas Foundation, “Stiftelsen Gunvor och Josef AnĂ©rs,” the “Stiftelsen Jane och Dan Olssons,” and the “Stiftelsen Tornspiran” (KS and OS). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

    A Deletion in the Canine POMC Gene Is Associated with Weight and Appetite in Obesity-Prone Labrador Retriever Dogs.

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    Sequencing of candidate genes for obesity in Labrador retriever dogs identified a 14 bp deletion in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) with an allele frequency of 12%. The deletion disrupts the ÎČ-MSH and ÎČ-endorphin coding sequences and is associated with body weight (per allele effect of 0.33 SD), adiposity, and greater food motivation. Among other dog breeds, the deletion was only found in the closely related flat-coat retriever (FCR), where it is similarly associated with body weight and food motivation. The mutation is significantly more common in Labrador retrievers selected to become assistance dogs than pets. In conclusion, the deletion in POMC is a significant modifier of weight and appetite in Labrador retrievers and FCRs and may influence other behavioral traits.We are grateful to Rachel Moxon of Guide Dogs UK for collecting the assistance dog samples; Stephen J Sharp of the MRC Epidemiology Unit for his statistical advice; Jens HĂ€ggström, Karin Hultin JĂ€derlund and Berndt Klingeborn for the Swedish dog samples; Anne White for efforts to develop a canine beta MSH assay and adaptation of her original for figure 1b; and the Dogslife Consortium for samples from British Labrador retrievers (supported by an Institute Core Strategic Grant from the BBSRC to the Roslin Institute). A full list of the investigators who contributed to the Dogslife project is available from www.dogslife.ac.uk/who-runs-dogslife. AJG's academic post at the University of Liverpool is financially supported by Royal Canin. The work was primarily supported by the Wellcome Trust (Senior Investigator Award 095515/Z/11/Z and Strategic Award 100574/Z/12/Z), MRC (MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, award 4050281695 and MRC_MC_UU_12012/5), and Dogs Trust. The authors would like to thank all the veterinary surgeons and nurses, owners and dogs who contributed samples.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.01

    Bladder Cancer Tissue-Based Biomarkers

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    This review aims to provide a practical update regarding the current role of tissue-based biomarkers in bladder cancer. Their prognostic and predictive role both in non-muscle-invasive (NMIBC) and in muscle-invasive disease (MIBC) has been reviewed with particular focus to their use in clinical practice. In summary, the literature on the prediction of disease recurrence in NMIBC is inconclusive, and there is little information on prediction of response to intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Concerning disease progression, external prospective validation studies suggest that FGFR3 mutation status and gene signatures may improve models that are based only on clinicopathologic information. In MIBC, tissue-based biomarkers are increasingly important, since they may predict the response to systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In particular, the advent of molecular characterization promises to revolutionize the paradigm of decision-making in the treatment of MIBC. Molecular subtyping has been shown to improve the prediction of pathological stage at RC and to predict the response to systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy. However, external and prospective validations are warranted to confirm these preliminary findings. Several different tissue-based biomarkers such as PD-1/PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden, and the analysis of tumor microenvironment, may in future play a role in selecting patients for systemic immunotherapy. However, to date, no pretreatment recommendations can be definitively made on the basis of any molecular predictors. In conclusion, despite the potential of tissue-based biomarkers, their use in bladder cancer should be limited to experimental settings

    Gravity waves excited during a minor sudden stratospheric warming

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    An exceptionally deep upper-air sounding launched from Kiruna airport (67.82 degrees N, 20.33 degrees E) on 30 January 2016 stimulated the current investigation of internal gravity waves excited during a minor sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in the Arctic winter 2015/16. The analysis of the radiosonde profile revealed large kinetic and potential energies in the upper stratosphere without any simultaneous enhancement of upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric values. Upward-propagating inertia-gravity waves in the upper stratosphere and downward-propagating modes in the lower stratosphere indicated a region of gravity wave generation in the stratosphere. Two-dimensional wavelet analysis was applied to vertical time series of temperature fluctuations in order to determine the vertical propagation direction of the stratospheric gravity waves in 1-hourly high-resolution meteorological analyses and short-term forecasts. The separation of upward- and downward-propagating waves provided further evidence for a stratospheric source of gravity waves. The scale-dependent decomposition of the flow into a balanced component and inertia-gravity waves showed that coherent wave packets preferentially occurred at the inner edge of the Arctic polar vortex where a sub-vortex formed during the minor SSW

    Proteolytic Activities of Oral Bacteria on ProMMP-9 and the Effect of Synthetic Proteinase Inhibitors

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    Tissue reactions to bacteria lead to proinflammatory reactions involving matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Synthetic protease inhibitors may offer new possibilities to regulate bacterial proteases. We investigated proteolytic activities of certain periodontal bacteria, their effects on the latent proMMP-9, and the effects of synthetic MMP inhibitors and a serine protease inhibitor Pefabloc. The strains studied were Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptoccus micros, Prevotella nigrescens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and 5 Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. Their gelatinolytic activities and the effects of certain synthetic MMP inhibitors and Pefabloc were analyzed by zymography. Bacterial effects on proMMP-9 conversion were investigated by Western immunoblot. All investigated periodontal bacteria produced gelatinolytic cell-bound and extracellular proteinases which could fragment latent proMMP-9, suggesting co-operative processing cascades in oral tissue remodeling. A. actinomycetemcomitans produced the weakest gelatinolytic activity. Synthetic proteinase inhibitors exhibited slight but clear reductive effects on the bacterial proteolytic activities. We conclude that targeted anti-proteolytic treatment modalities against bacterial-host proteolytic cascades can be developed
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