Spain's Loss of Human Capital after the Civil War: Spanish Refugees in Mexico

Among the important consequences of non-voluntary migration due to forced exile is the loss of human capital in the country of origin. Quantitative measurement of the human capital represented by the Spanish refugees who migrated to Mexico after the Spanish Civil War is largely missing from the economic-history literature. The use of multivariate regression models, focusing on occupation, height, and foreign-language facility as proxies of human capital, finds that the Spanish Republican refugees to Mexico presented a premium of human capital exceeding that of traditional economic migrants from Spain to Mexico, who were already considered "privileged". The data sources also allow the analysis to isolate the human capital of the exiled women, thereby overcoming the traditional invisibility of women in recorded economic history.The authors thank an anonymous referee for the improvements and the editors of the journal for their help and suggestions. They are also grateful for financial support from Universidad San Pablo-CEU (Project MCP20V03). Carlos Santiago-Caballero thanks the the members of the Economic History Department at the London School of Economics for their support writing this article. This work has been supported by the Madrid Government (Comunidad de Madrid-Spain) under the Multiannual Agreement with UC3M in the line of Excellence of University Professors (EPUC3M05), and in the context of the V PRICIT (Regional Programme of Research and Technological Innovation)

La Profesionalización De La Docencia Universitaria Y Su Influencia En El Desarrollo De Las Competencias Pedagógicas En La Formación De Docentes En El Instituto Superior De Ciencias De La Educación (ISCED) De Benguela, Angola

The presentation of the results of the present study was used to fundamentally analyze the influence of professionalism of university teaching in the development of the pedagogical competences of students in teacher training at the Higher Institute of Educational Sciences (ISCED) in Benguela. This study was carried out on the theme based on reference. The research carried out is of the descriptive type, whose data collection was quantitative and qualitative, from the determined sample. It is made up of teachers, students, and school board members. This, however, is a quantitative and qualitative study. Based on the data collected, the paper concludes on the lack of planning in pairs of the teaching work, the lack of a specific team for the supervision of the teaching work, and the fact that there is no specific criterion in the entrance periphery of teaching candidates

El cambio climático y la reducción de la reserva de agua en el bosque mediterráneo

El cambio climático es un hecho aceptado. La mayor parte de los modelos de circulación atmosférica general (GCMs) ponen de manifiesto que, más allá del calentamiento global, existen dos cinturones en el planeta situados aproximadamente entre los 30° y los 40° de latitud norte y sur en los que se prevé una disminución de la precipitación durante las próximas décadas. Es en estas zonas donde se enclavan las regiones mediterráneas del mundo. Los bosques mediterráneos, sometidos a un déficit hídrico estival, pueden verse seriamente afectados por esta disminución de los recursos hídricos. Los autores exploran algunos de los posibles efectos combinando diversas fuentes de información que permiten simular el crecimiento del bosque bajo diversos escenarios climáticos. Algunas conclusiones son que una reducción del 10% de la precipitación se traduce en una reducción del 25% de la reserva hídrica del suelo, la reducción de la vida media de las hojas en las especies perennifolias y un incremento cercano al 80% de la cantidad de hojarasca aportada al suelo. Todo ello compromete el papel de los bosques como sumideros de carbono.Trabajo desarrollado parcialmente en el marco de los proyectos LTEEF-II (Long Term Effects of Climate Change on European Forests: Impact Assessment and Consequences for Carbon Budgets, ENV4-CT97-0577) EU project, Framework IV, SilviStrat (Response strategies to climate change in management of European forests, EVK2-2000-00723) y ATEAM (Advanced Terrestrial Ecosystem Analysis and Modelling, EVK2-2000-00739). EU Projects Framework V. Key action 2 Global Change, Climate and Biodiversity

Immunotherapies against HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

Immunotherapy; Resistance; VaccinesImmunoteràpia; Resistència; VacunesInmunoterapia; Resistencia; VacunasBreast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. HER2-positive breast cancer, which represents 15–20% of all cases, is characterized by the overexpression of the HER2 receptor. Despite the variety of treatments available for HER2-positive breast cancer, both targeted and untargeted, many patients do not respond to therapy and relapse and eventually metastasize, with a poor prognosis. Immunotherapeutic approaches aim to enhance the antitumor immune response to prevent tumor relapse and metastasis. Several immunotherapies have been approved for solid tumors, but their utility for HER2-positive breast cancer has yet to be confirmed. In this review, we examine the different immunotherapeutic strategies being tested in HER2-positive breast cancer, from long-studied cancer vaccines to immune checkpoint blockade, which targets immune checkpoints in both T cells and tumor cells, as well as the promising adoptive cell therapy in various forms. We discuss how some of these new approaches may contribute to the prevention of tumor progression and be used after standard-of-care therapies for resistant HER2-positive breast tumors, highlighting the benefits and drawbacks of each. We conclude that immunotherapy holds great promise for the treatment of HER2-positive tumors, with the potential to completely eradicate tumor cells and prevent the progression of the disease.This research was funded by Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III

Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Immune Regulation of Tissue Remodeling and Angiogenesis After Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial ischemia-related disorders constitute a major health problem, being a leading cause of death in the world. Upon ischemia, tissue remodeling processes come into play, comprising a series of inter-dependent stages, including inflammation, cell proliferation and repair. Neovessel formation during late phases of remodeling provides oxygen supply, together with cellular and soluble components necessary for an efficient myocardial reconstruction. Immune system plays a central role in processes aimed at repairing ischemic myocardium, mainly in inflammatory and angiogenesis phases. In addition to cellular components and soluble mediators as chemokines and cytokines, the immune system acts in a paracrine fashion through small extracellular vesicles (EVs) release. These vesicular structures participate in multiple biological processes, and transmit information through bioactive cargoes from one cell to another. Cell therapy has been employed in an attempt to improve the outcome of these patients, through the promotion of tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. However, clinical trials have shown variable results, which put into question the actual applicability of cell-based therapies. Paracrine factors secreted by engrafted cells partially mediate tissue repair, and this knowledge has led to the hypothesis that small EVs may become a useful tool for cell-free myocardial infarction therapy. Current small EVs engineering strategies allow delivery of specific content to selected cell types, thus revealing the singular properties of these vesicles for myocardial ischemia treatment.This work was supported by grants to AA-S (FIS PI15/01491) and to FS-M (grants SAF2014-55579-R and SAF2017-82886-R to FS-M), BIOIMID PIE13/041 and CIBER CARDIOVASCULAR from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III with co-funding from the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional; FEDER), Programa de Actividades en Biomedicina de la Comunidad de Madrid-B2017/BMD-3671-INFLAMUNE to FS-M, and ERC2011-AdG294340-GENTRIS to FS-M, and Fundació La Marató TV3 (20152330 31). The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the ProCNIC Foundation and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (MINECO award SEV-2015-0505).S

Status and Dietary Intake of Phytoene and Phytofluene in Spanish Adults and the Effect of a Four-Week Dietary Intervention with Lutein-Rich Fruits or Vegetables.

Phytoene (PT) and phytofluene (PTF) are colourless carotenoids presents in the human diet and in blood, faeces and tissues and are biologically active. However, there is very little data on these carotenoids. This study aims to assess PT and PTF concentrations in serum from healthy Spanish normolipemic subjects (n = 101, 45–65 years) and the effect of a fruit and vegetable dietary intervention (4 weeks, n = 29) on PT and PTF concentration in serum and faeces and dietary intake. Serum and faecal concentrations were analysed by HPLC and dietary intake by 3 × 24 h recalls. PT showed higher concentrations than PTF in serum, faeces and in the dietary intake. Considering both studies, PT and PTF concentrations in serum were 0.16 ± 0.07 and 0.05 ± 0.04 µmol/L, respectively, in faeces 17.7 ± 20.3 and 6.5 ± 7.9 µg/g, respectively, and in dietary intake the median was 2.4 and 0.6 mg/p/day, respectively. Carrots and tomatoes were the major dietary contributors of these carotenoids. The dietary intervention did not cause significant variations in the PT and PTF intake or serum concentrations, but a lower concentration in faeces was observed for the fruit group (PT: p = 0.024; PTF isomer-3: p = 0.034). These data highlight the need for further research on the activities of these carotenoids in humanspost-print1648 K

Cracks in consolidants containing TiO2 as a habitat for biological colonization: A case of quaternary bioreceptivity

The recently proposed concept of quaternary bioreceptivity applies to substrates treated with coating materials and it is considered in the present study with the alga Bracteacoccus minor and the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. onto granite specimens treated with ethyl silicate and nano-sized silica doped with different amounts of TiO2 (0, 0.5, 1 and 3 wt%). The findings showed a lack of correlation between the amount of TiO2 and the level of colonization (main bioreceptivity estimator) to the presence of cracks on the surface, which annul the biocidal power of TiO2. Crack formation, which depends on the mechanical properties, greatly influences the bioreceptivity of the material. Thus, the cracks provided anchor points where water is retained, in turn strongly influencing the early stages of colonization kinetics, to a greater extent than the biocidal power of TiO2, which will probably increase as the biofilm develops over the entire surface. In addition, although the cracks were more abundant and wider in the ethyl silicate-based consolidant, the nano-sized silica provided better anchoring points, making the material treated with the corresponding consolidant more bioreceptiveS

Predictors of macular pigment and contrast threshold in Spanish healthy normolipemic subjects (45–65 years) with habitual food intake.

Introduction The dietary carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) are transported in the bloodstream by lipoproteins, sequestered by adipose tissue, and eventually captured in the retina where they constitute macular pigment. There are no L&Z dietary intake recommendations nor desired blood/tissue concentrations for the Spanish general population. Our aim was to assess the correlation of L&Z habitual dietary intake (excluding food supplements), resulting serum concentrations and lipid profile with macular pigment optical density (MPOD) as well as the contrast sensitivity (CT), as visual outcome in normolipemic subjects (n = 101) aged 45–65. Methods MPOD was measured by heterochromatic flicker photometry, serum L&Z by HPLC, the dietary intake by a 3-day food records and CT using the CGT-1000-Contrast-Glaretester at six stimulus sizes, with and without glare. Results Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations (median) in serum: 0.361 and 0.078 μmol/L, in dietary intake: 1.1 mg L+Z/day. MPOD: 0.34du. L+Z intake correlates with their serum concentrations (rho = 0.333, p = 0.001), which in turn correlates with MPOD (rho = 0.229, p = 0.000) and with fruit and vegetable consumption (rho = 0.202, p = 0.001), but not with lutein+zeaxanthin dietary intake. MPOD correlated with CT, with and without glare (rho ranges: -0.135, 0.160 and -0.121, –0.205, respectively). MPOD predictors: serum L+Z, L+Z/HDL-cholesterol (β-coeficient: -0.91±0.2, 95%CI: -1.3,-0.5) and HDL-cholesterol (R2 = 15.9%). CT predictors: MPOD, mainly at medium and smaller visual angles (corresponding to spatial frequencies for which sensitivity declines with age) and gender (β-coefficients ranges: -0.95,-0.39 and -0.13,-0.39, respectively). Conclusion A higher MPOD is associated with a lower ratio of L+Z/HDL-cholesterol and with a lower CT (higher contrast sensitivity). The HDL-cholesterol would also act indirectly on the CT improving the visual function.post-print1201 K

Changes in Lutein Status Markers (Serum and Faecal Concentrations, Macular Pigment) in Response to a Lutein-Rich Fruit or Vegetable (Three Pieces/Day) Dietary Intervention in Normolipemic Subjects.

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Lifeguard assistance at Spanish Mediterranean beaches: Jellyfish prevail and proposals for improving risk management

Although beaches can be hazardous environments, few studies have identified injuries in broad coastal areas. We performed a retrospective descriptive study of injuries and other services provided by lifeguards during 2012 along the Spanish Mediterranean beaches. The trend in jellyfish stings was also examined for the period 2008–2012 using a standardised Sting Index. Obtaining data relied on voluntary cooperation of local authorities, resulting in data provided from 183 cities out of 234 present in the study area and 760 beach lifeguard stations (LGS) out of about 1200. Lifeguard stations provided an average of 89 days of service per year, from late June to the beginning of September. A total of 176,021 injuries were reported, of which jellyfish stings were the main need for assistance with 59.7% (n = 116,887) of the injuries and 257.0/LGS, followed by wounds (14.4%, 50.9/LGS), and sunburn (3.3%, 15.8/LGS). Apart from attending injuries, beach lifeguard services provided 21,174 other services such as help to disabled people (57.9/LGS), blood pressure measurements (12.7/LGS), rescues at sea (6.5/LGS), lost children (5.7/LGS), and transfers to the hospital (4.6/LGS). Official reported fatalities for all the beaches in 2012 were 24. We proposed a Sting Index (SI) to allow comparisons of the incidence of stings between years and/or localities by standardising jellyfish stings by the total of all injuries. Historical data were consistent enough to calculate SI between 2010 and 2012 and showed an oscillating pattern without a clear trend (2008: 2.4, 2009: 1.3, 2010: 2.4, 2011: 2.0, 2012: 2.6). Estimation of total number of jellyfish stings for all the beaches present in the area would reach 184,558 for 2012. There were very few fatalities in comparison with other coastal regions, probably due to the combination of a calm sea, a low number of high dangerous situations, and a high percentage of lifeguarded beaches during the bathing season. Nevertheless, although Spanish Mediterranean beaches could be described as low risk, we propose measures to facilitate a precautionary management to prevent injuries based on a real-time beach assistance database of injuries to identify high-incidence assistance categories.This research was carried out under contract LIFE 08 NAT ES 0064 (to CB and VF) co-financed by the European Commission (www.cubomed.eu), the Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (Dirección General de Sostenibilidad de la Costa y el Mar) contract 2013/28-5158, the Dirección General del Agua of the Regional Government of Valencia (grant T7588000/512.10) and the Fundación Biodiversidad (grant LIFE Cubomed 2013/2014)