La protección del trabajador frente al despido incausado dentro del periodo de prueba

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general evaluar el grado de afectación sobre la protección del trabajador causado por el despido incausado durante el período de prueba en el contexto de la legislación peruana. El enfoque de la presente investigación es de tipo cualitativo, carácter especializado, profundidad descriptiva y propositiva; asimismo, se destaca que se aplicó el método casuístico, dogmático y sistemático, con una muestra conformada por ocho (8) abogados especialistas en el área de derecho laboral; por lo que se utilizó el muestreo a conveniencia. Al respecto, se obtuvo como resultado que existe una afectación en distintos niveles de la protección del trabajador causado por el despido incausado durante el período de prueba, no sólo la evidente afectación económica sino además psicológica o moral, por cuanto de manera intempestiva el trabajador debe cesar en el ejercicio de su cargo u ocupación, sin conocer los motivos que condujeron a tal decisión por parte del empleador. Esto constituye irremediablemente un perjuicio en la protección que legalmente se procura salvaguardar con la legislación, vulnerando derechos fundamentales del trabajador como el derecho a la dignidad, a lo no discriminación, al trato igualitario; todo lo cual a su vez va en contradicción con la Constitución Política del Perú que no distingue entre tipos de trabajadores y ofrece esa protección conforme al principio de no discriminación

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Measurement of single-diffractive dijet production in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s} =s​= 8 TeV with the CMS and TOTEM experiments

Measurements are presented of the single-diffractive dijet cross section and the diffractive cross section as a function of the proton fractional momentum loss $\xi$ and the four-momentum transfer squared t. Both processes ${\text{ p }{}{}} {\text{ p }{}{}} \rightarrow {\text{ p }{}{}} {\text{ X }}$ and ${\text{ p }{}{}} {\text{ p }{}{}} \rightarrow {\text{ X }} {\text{ p }{}{}}$, i.e. with the proton scattering to either side of the interaction point, are measured, where ${\text{ X }}$ includes at least two jets; the results of the two processes are averaged. The analyses are based on data collected simultaneously with the CMS and TOTEM detectors at the LHC in proton–proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 8\,\text {Te}\text {V}$ during a dedicated run with $\beta ^{*} = 90\,\text {m}$ at low instantaneous luminosity and correspond to an integrated luminosity of $37.5{\,\text {nb}^{-1}}$. The single-diffractive dijet cross section $\sigma ^{{\text{ p }{}{}} {\text{ X }}}_{\mathrm {jj}}$, in the kinematic region $\xi 40\,\text {Ge}\text {V}$, and pseudorapidity $|\eta | < 4.4$, is 21.7 \pm 0.9\,\text {(stat)} \,^{+3.0}_{-3.3}\,\text {(syst)} \pm 0.9\,\text {(lumi)} \,\text {nb} . The ratio of the single-diffractive to inclusive dijet yields, normalised per unit of $\xi$, is presented as a function of x, the longitudinal momentum fraction of the proton carried by the struck parton. The ratio in the kinematic region defined above, for x values in the range $-2.9 \le \log _{10} x \le -1.6$, is $R = (\sigma ^{{\text{ p }{}{}} {\text{ X }}}_{\mathrm {jj}}/\Delta \xi )/\sigma _{\mathrm {jj}} = 0.025 \pm 0.001\,\text {(stat)} \pm 0.003\,\text {(syst)}$, where $\sigma ^{{\text{ p }{}{}} {\text{ X }}}_{\mathrm {jj}}$ and $\sigma _{\mathrm {jj}}$ are the single-diffractive and inclusive dijet cross sections, respectively. The results are compared with predictions from models of diffractive and nondiffractive interactions. Monte Carlo predictions based on the HERA diffractive parton distribution functions agree well with the data when corrected for the effect of soft rescattering between the spectator partons

Erratum to: Measurement of single-diffractive dijet production in proton–proton collisions at s=8 TeV\sqrt{s} = 8\,\text {Te}\text {V} with the CMS and TOTEM experiments

The original PDF version of this article was revised as theOpen Access license text was missing and the funding note“Funded by SCOAP3” as well. The original article has been corrected

First search for exclusive diphoton production at high mass with tagged protons in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

A search for exclusive two-photon production via photon exchange in proton-proton collisions, pp $\to$ p$\gamma\gamma$p with intact protons, is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 9.4 fb$^{-1}$ collected in 2016 using the CMS and TOTEM detectors at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the LHC. Events are selected with a diphoton invariant mass above 350 GeV and with both protons intact in the final state, to reduce backgrounds from strong interactions. The events of interest are those where the invariant mass and rapidity calculated from the momentum losses of the forward-moving protons matches the mass and rapidity of the central, two-photon system. No events are found that satisfy this condition. Interpreting this result in an effective dimension-8 extension of the standard model, the first limits are set on the two anomalous four-photon coupling parameters. If the other parameter is constrained to its standard model value, the limits at 95% CL are $\lvert\zeta_1\rvert$ $\lt$ 2.9 $\times$ 10$^{-13}$ GeV$^{-4}$ and $\lvert\zeta_2\rvert$ $\lt$ 6.0 $\times$ 10$^{-13}$ GeV$^{-4}$

Hard color-singlet exchange in dijet events in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceEvents where the two leading jets are separated by a pseudorapidity interval devoid of particle activity, known as jet-gap-jet events, are studied in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV. The signature is expected from hard color-singlet exchange. Each of the highest transverse momentum ($p_\mathrm{T}$) jets must have $p_\mathrm{T}^\text{jet}$$\gt$ 40 GeV and pseudorapidity 1.4 $\lt$$|\eta^\text{jet}|$$\lt$ 4.7, with $\eta^\text{jet1} \eta^\text{jet2}$$\lt$ 0, where $\text{jet1}$ and $\text{jet2}$ are the leading and subleading jets in $p_\mathrm{T}$, respectively. The analysis is based on data collected by the CMS and TOTEM experiments during a low luminosity, high-$\beta^*$ run at the CERN LHC in 2015, with an integrated luminosity of 0.66 pb$^{-1}$. Events with a low number of charged particles with $p_\mathrm{T}$$\gt$ 0.2 GeV in the interval $|\eta|$$\lt$ 1 between the jets are observed in excess of calculations that assume only color-exchange. The fraction of events produced via color-singlet exchange, $f_\text{CSE}$, is measured as a function of $p_\mathrm{T}^\text{jet2}$, the pseudorapidity difference between the two leading jets, and the azimuthal angular separation between the two leading jets. The fraction $f_\text{CSE}$ has values of 0.4-1.0%. The results are compared with previous measurements and with predictions from perturbative quantum chromodynamics. In addition, the first study of jet-gap-jet events detected in association with an intact proton using a subsample of events with an integrated luminosity of 0.40 pb$^{-1}$ is presented. The intact protons are detected with the Roman pot detectors of the TOTEM experiment. The $f_\text{CSE}$ in this sample is 2.91 $\pm$ 0.70 (stat) $^{+1.08}_{-1.01}$ (syst) times larger than that for inclusive dijet production in dijets with similar kinematics

Precision measurement of the structure of the CMS inner tracking system using nuclear interactions

The structure of the CMS inner tracking system has been studied using nuclear interactions of hadrons striking its material. Data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded in 2015 at the LHC are used to reconstruct millions of secondary vertices from these nuclear interactions. Precise positions of the beam pipe and the inner tracking system elements, such as the pixel detector support tube, and barrel pixel detector inner shield and support rails, are determined using these vertices. These measurements are important for detector simulations, detector upgrades, and to identify any changes in the positions of inactive elements