Técnicas microbiológicas y moleculares para la identificación de Salmonella sp en la industria avícola: una revisión sistemática de alcance

A systematic review of the diagnostic methods described in the literature for the identification and characterization of species of the genus Salmonella was carried out. The review was carried out using publications from 2015 to 2021 registered in the NCBI/PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciELO, Google Scholar and Springer databases and applying the PRISMA methodology. In total, 61 articles were analysed, grouping the data according to country of origin, type of sample, technique, microbiology protocol and genes used in molecular tests. The microbiology protocols are based on performing pre-enrichment in peptone water and enrichment in tetrathionate (TT) and Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) broths, especially with faecal or environmental samples, to subsequently carry out isolations in selective and differential media. The identification of some Salmonella sp serovars that cause disease in poultry is mainly done with molecular techniques such as conventional PCR and multiplex PCR, based on the detection of genes such as invA, hilA, fliC, sefA, spvC, pefA, speC y glgC. Molecular tools are an alternative to traditional microbiology and serotyping techniques with the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor methodology, as they require less time and can identify serovars; however, microbiological tools such as enrichment contribute to the step prior to the use of other diagnostic tools.Se realizó una revisión sistemática de los métodos de diagnóstico descritos en la literatura para la identificación y caracterización de especies del género Salmonella. La revisión se realizó utilizando publicaciones de 2015 a 2021 registradas en las bases de datos de NCBI/PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciELO, Google Scholar y Springer, aplicando la metodología PRISMA. Se analizaron 61 artículos, agrupando los datos según el país de origen, tipo de muestra, técnica utilizada, protocolo de microbiología empleado y genes utilizados en las pruebas moleculares. Los protocolos de microbiología se basan en pruebas de pre-enriquecimiento en agua peptonada y enriquecimiento en caldos de tetrationato (TT) y Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV), especialmente con muestras de heces o muestras ambientales, para posteriormente realizar los aislamientos en medios selectivos y diferenciales. La identificación de algunas serovariedades de Salmonella sp que causan enfermedad en las aves se realiza principalmente con técnicas moleculares (PCR convencional y PCR multiplex), basándose en la detección de genes como invA, hilA, fliC, sefA, spvC, pefA, speC y glgC. Las herramientas moleculares son una alternativa a las técnicas tradicionales de microbiología y serotipificación con la metodología White-Kauffmann–Le Minor, por requerir de menos tiempo y poder identificar a los serovares; sin embargo, las herramientas microbiológicas como el enriquecimiento contribuyen en el paso previo al empleo de otras herramientas diagnósticas

Genetic Characterization of Jaguars (Panthera onca) in Captivity in Zoological Parks of Colombia

The construction of the pedigree of captive jaguars (Panthera onca) in zoological parks of Colombia was done using the analysis of the Regional Studbook for Jaguars and DNA analysis of 9 microsatellites of 20 Jaguars (n=20). The assignments for paternities and maternities were done with for the program CERVUS and the relationship between animals were established with the KINSHIP program. The analysis of the Studbook was done with SPARKS and PM2000 software generating the following values: genetic diversity for the population (GD=0.7832), potential genetic diversity (GD=0.9113), genic value (GV=0.7846), mean coefficient of inbreeding (F=0.0179), and the Mean KINSHIP (MK) for each individual. The averages of the observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.687 and 0.684 respectively. Nevertheless, a wild jaguar sample of 156 individuals obtained in Colombia substantially showed a higher degree of gene diversity (H = 0.87) than the Colombian captive jaguar population. Thus, the captive jaguar population retained 78 % of the gene diversity of the Colombian wild jaguar population. With this study the pedigree of the captive population of jaguars was built in order to develop an ex situ conservation plan for the species in the Colombian zoological parks

Relationship between self-reported dietary intake and physical activity levels among adolescents: The HELENA study

Background Evidence suggests possible synergetic effects of multiple lifestyle behaviors on health risks like obesity and other health outcomes. Therefore it is important to investigate associations between dietary and physical activity behavior, the two most important lifestyle behaviors influencing our energy balance and body composition. The objective of the present study is to describe the relationship between energy, nutrient and food intake and the physical activity level among a large group of European adolescents. Methods The study comprised a total of 2176 adolescents (46.2% male) from ten European cities participating in the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study. Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed using validated 24-h dietary recalls and self-reported questionnaires respectively. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to compare the energy and nutrient intake and the food consumption between groups of adolescents with different physical activity levels (1st to 3rd tertile). Results In both sexes no differences were found in energy intake between the levels of physical activity. The most active males showed a higher intake of polysaccharides, protein, water and vitamin C and a lower intake of saccharides compared to less active males. Females with the highest physical activity level consumed more polysaccharides compared to their least active peers. Male and female adolescents with the highest physical activity levels, consumed more fruit and milk products and less cheese compared to the least active adolescents. The most active males showed higher intakes of vegetables and meat, fish, eggs, meat substitutes and vegetarian products compared to the least active ones. The least active males reported the highest consumption of grain products and potatoes. Within the female group, significantly lower intakes of bread and cereal products and spreads were found for those reporting to spend most time in moderate to vigorous physical activity. The consumption of foods from the remaining food groups, did not differ between the physical activity levels in both sexes. Conclusion It can be concluded that dietary habits diverge between adolescents with different self-reported physical activity levels. For some food groups a difference in intake could be found, which were reflected in differences in some nutrient intakes. It can also be concluded that physically active adolescents are not always inclined to eat healthier diets than their less active peers.The HELENA study took place with the financial support of the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOOD-CT: 2005-007034). This work was also partially supported by the European Union, in the framework of the Public Health Programme (ALPHA project, Ref: 2006120), the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (FAS), the Spanish Ministry of Education (EX-2007-1124, and EX-2008-0641), and the Spanish Ministry of Health, Maternal, Child Health and Development Network (number RD08/0072) (JPRL, LAM)

Dietary animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with obesity and cardio-metabolic indicators in European adolescents: The HELENA cross-sectional study

Background: Previous studies suggest that dietary protein might play a beneficial role in combating obesity and its related chronic diseases. Total, animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with anthropometry and serum biomarkers in European adolescents using one standardised methodology across European countries are not well documented. Objectives: To evaluate total, animal and plant protein intakes in European adolescents stratified by gender and age, and to investigate their associations with cardio-metabolic indicators (anthropometry and biomarkers). Methods: The current analysis included 1804 randomly selected adolescents participating in the HELENA study (conducted in 2006-2007) aged 12.5-17.5 y (47% males) who completed two non-consecutive computerised 24-h dietary recalls. Associations between animal and plant protein intakes, and anthropometry and serum biomarkers were examined with General linear Model multivariate analysis. Results: Average total protein intake exceeded the recommendations of World Health Organization and European Food Safety Authority. Mean total protein intake was 96 g/d (59% derived from animal protein). Total, animal and plant protein intakes (g/d) were significantly lower in females than in males and total and plant protein intakes were lower in younger participants (12.5-14.9 y). Protein intake was significantly lower in underweight subjects and higher in obese ones; the direction of the relationship was reversed after adjustments for body weight (g/(kg.d)). The inverse association of plant protein intakes was stronger with BMI z-score and body fat percentage (BF%) compared to animal protein intakes. Additionally, BMI and BF% were positively associated with energy percentage of animal protein. Conclusions: This sample of European adolescents appeared to have adequate total protein intake. Our findings suggest that plant protein intakes may play a role in preventing obesity among European adolescents. Further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the potential beneficial effects observed in this study in the prevention of obesity and related chronic diseases

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Conversión y reversión génica en Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Un modelo para el estudio del daño producido por radiación gamma Gen conversion and reversion events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A model for the study of gamma radiation damage

Se estudió la radiosensibilidad y la cinética de inducción de eventos de conversión y reversión génica en la cepa D7 de Sacharomyces cerevisiae frente a radiación gamma, en rangos de dosis entre 100-800 Gy y entre 50-300 Gy, respectivamente. Se utilizó una fuente de 60Co PX-g-30 con una tasa de dosis 49,43 Gy/min. La curva de supervivencia celular mostró un DL50 de 150 Gy. La cinética de muerte celular fue lineal con un ajuste superior a 98 %. La inducción de eventos de conversión génica fue significativa respecto al control a partir de 50 Gy. Por el contrario, la reversión génica fue significativa solo a partir de 200 Gy. En general, las frecuencias de eventos de conversión génica fueron superiores a las de reversión, esto sugiere que la radiación gamma induce preferentemente eventos recombinogénicos. Tanto para los eventos de conversión como de reversión génica se obtuvo una dependencia exponencial de la dosis de radiación gamma. Se discutió sobre la utilidad relativa del ensayo para estudios de mutagénesis y antimutagénesisRadiosensitivity and kinetics of induction of gene conversion and reversion events in Sacharomyces cerevisiae strain D7 to gamma radiation at dose ranges from 100 to 800 Gy and 50 to 300 Gy respectively were studied. A source of 60Co PX-g-30 at a dose rate of 49,43 GY/min was utilized. The cell survival curve showed DL50 of 150 Gy. Cell death kinetics was linear and adjusted over 98 %. The induction of gene conversion events was significant in relation to control from 50 Gy on. However, gene reversion was significant only at 200 Gy. Generally speaking, gene conversion event frequencies were higher than those of reversion, which indicates that gamma radiation preferably induces recombinogenic events. Both the conversion and reversion events showed exponential dependence on gamma radiation dose. The relative benefits of this test for mutagenesis and anti-mutagenesis studies were debated in this pape

Gestión del servicio de autenticación de usuarios a través de un servidor radius en la Universidad de Granma: Gestión de autenticación de usuarios mediante RADIUS

In the computer network of the University of Granma, the RADIUS server manages the authentication of connections for Wi-Fi networks and remote access (PAP), however there is no computer system that centralizes and standardizes the information of the authentication service of these connections. Currently, the analysis of the information of the records generated by the aforementioned server has become a complex process that consumes time and effort, making it difficult to work and make decisions. This research focuses on the development of a web application to improve the verification of the user authentication service, as well as obtaining accurate information in a secure, consistent and centralized manner. XP, PHP and CodeIgniter were used on the Apache web server; on the client side, the application is supported by the Bootstrap framework, based on HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript. MySQL was used as the database manager and the NetBeans integrated development environment was used. As a result and conclusion of this work, it can be stated that currently the Network Department of the University of Granma has a tool that considerably facilitates both the checking of the normal functioning of the user authentication service for remote accesses and WiFi networks, such as the use and workload of the latter.En el centro de datos de la Universidad de Granma, existe un servidor RADIUS para gestionar la autenticación de las conexiones para las redes WiFi y los accesos remotos (PAP) sin embargo, no existe un sistema informático que centralice y estandarice la información del servicio de autenticación de dichas conexiones. Actualmente, el análisis de la información de los registros generados por el servidor antes mencionado se ha vuelto un proceso complejo que consume tiempo y esfuerzo, lo que dificulta el trabajo y la toma de decisiones. Esta investigación se enfoca en el desarrollo de una aplicación web para mejorar el chequeo del servicio de autenticación de usuarios, así como la obtención de la información precisa de forma segura, consistente y centralizada. Se empleó XP, PHP y CodeIgniter sobre el servidor web Apache; del lado del cliente la aplicación es soportada por el framework Bootstrap, basado en HTML5, CSS3 y JavaScript. Como gestor de base de datos se empleó MySQL y se utilizó el entorno de desarrollo integrado NetBeans. Como resultado y conclusión de este trabajo, se puede plantear que actualmente el Departamento de Redes de la Universidad de Granma, cuenta con una herramienta que facilita considerablemente tanto el chequeo del normal funcionamiento del servicio de autenticación de usuarios para los accesos remotos y redes WiFi, como el uso y la carga de trabajo que tiene éste

Caracterização de genes diferencialmente expressos na interação entre maçã 'Fuji' e Botryosphaeria dothidea Characterization of differently expressed genes during the interaction between 'Fuji' apples and Botryosphaeria dothidea

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a interação entre o fungo Botryosphaeria dothidea e maçãs cv. Fuji por meio da técnica de Differential Display RT-PCR. O cDNA de frutos infectados e não infectados pelo fungo foi amplificado com uma combinação de 15 oligonucleotídeos iniciadores. Foram isolados 400 fragmentos de cDNA diferencialmente expressos, dos quais 120 foram sequenciados e comparados com sequências disponíveis no GenBank, por meio do programa BLASTX. As sequências obtidas foram similares à metalotioninas, profilina alergênica, proteína de resistência e fosfatase.<br>The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between the Botryosphaeria dothidea fungi and 'Fuji' apples using the Differential Display RT-PCR technique. The cDNA of infected and non infected fruits by the fungus was amplified using a combination of 15 primers. Four hundred fragments of differentially expressed cDNA were isolated, and 120 of them were sequenced and compared with available sequences at GenBank database, using BLASTX software. Obtained sequences were similar to methalothionines, an allergenic profiline, a resistance linked protein, and a phosphatase