El derecho a la reparación integral de la víctima en la Ley de Ayuda a las Víctimas del Terrorismo de la Región de Murcia

[ES] En los últimos años, desde Derecho autonómico español se ha iniciado una tendencia consistente en elaborar normas para redundar y complementar las ayudas a las víctimas del terrorismo establecidas por el Estado. Siguiendo este camino, que comenzaron las Comunidades Autónomas del País Vasco y Navarra en 1998 y que continuaron otras, la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia aprobó la Ley 7/2009, de 2 de noviembre, de Ayuda a las Víctimas del Terrorismo de la Región de Murcia. El presente artículo pretende analizar el alcance y contenido de la reparación integral de la víctima como objeto de dicha norma, en el marco de la regulación constitucional, nacional e internacional de la que trae su causa.[EU] Azken urteetan, Espainiako zuzenbide autonomikoaren arlotik, estatuak ezarritako terrorismoaren biktimei laguntzak emateari eta horiek osatzeari buruzko arauak egiteko joera sendo bat abiarazi da. Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoak eta Nafarroak 1998an hasi zuten bide hori, eta beste batzuek ere jarraitu zioten; esaterako, Murtziako Autonomia Erkidegoak 2009ko azaroaren 2ko 7/2009 Legea onartu zuen, Murtziako Terrorismoaren Biktimei Laguntzeari buruzkoa. Artikulu honen helburua arau horren xede gisa biktimaren osatze integralaren norainokoa eta edukia aztertzea da, kausa horri dagokion konstituzioko, nazioko eta nazioarteko erregulazioaren esparruan.[FR] Dans les dernières années, le législateur espagnol, dans les Communautés autonomes, a commencé à développer des normes dirigées à compléter l’aide aux victimes du terrorisme mis en place par l’État. De cette façon, cette tendance initiée au Pays Basque et à Navarre en 1998 a été suivie par la Communauté autonome de la Région de Murcia, où la Loi 7/2009, de 2 novembre, d’aide aux victimes du terrorisme a été adopté. C’est ainsi que cet article vise à analyser la portée et le contenu de la réparation intégrale des victimes, objet de cette Loi, dans le cadre de la réglementation constitutionnel, nationale et internationale, à l’origine de cette normative.[EN] In recent years, the Spanish Autonomous Communities-law and legislation have developed several regulations to complement the aids provided by the State to victims of terrorism. Following the path opened up in 1998 by the Autonomous Communities of the Basque Country and Navarre, and continued subsequently by others, the Region of Murcia passed the Victims of Terrorism Compensation Act of the Region of Murcia (Act 7/2009, November 2). The aim of this paper is to analyse the scope and content of the full compensation for the victim as an object of the aforesaid act, within the frame of the constitutional, national and international legislation

El voto electrónico y el test de calidad; o de cuatro bodas complicadas y un posiblefuneral

¿Qué posibilidades hay de implantar con éxito el voto electrónico en España? ¿Podría ser a medio plazo una realidad en las distintas elecciones políticas que se celebran en nuestro país? De la evaluación de esta importante cuestión se ocupa el presente trabajo, tomando como base las dudas mostradas por el legislador ante la maraña de oportunidades y problemas que confluyen en este terreno, y utilizando como guía de análisis la formulación de un test de calidad especifico, a modo de escrutinio de la aceptabilidad del voto electrónico. La conclusión a la que se llega es bastante abierta, habida cuenta la importancia que tiene tanto el diseño por el que se opte, como la estrategia de implantación que se siga.¿What are the possibilities of a successful implantation of the electronic voting in Spain? Could it be a mid-term reality in the different kind of elections of our country? This paper will focus on this important topic, taking as a base the reservations of the lawmaker facing not only the opportunities but also the problems that gather here. We take as a guide a quality test drafted in order to get important information about the acceptability of the electronic voting. After this analysis, we get to an open conclusion due to the strategy of implantation and the design picked

Estado autonómico, cooperación intergubernamental y conferencias de presidentes

The existence of cooperative relations is inherent to the State of Autonomies, yet cooperation among the various regional authorities has been scarce in Spain, both qualitatively and quantitatively. For a long time, intergovernmental relations hinged on cooperative sectoral mechanisms. However, concurring with the last statutory reforms, new cooperation mechanisms of a general nature own federal states have been introduced in the Spanish political praxis: Conference of Presidents and the Conference of Autonomous-Community Governments. This paper focuses on the new instruments which have been institutionalized to comply with the principle of intergovernmental cooperation. It analyses the results obtained so far and identifies the problems which need to be addressed for said instruments to consolidate and contribute to a more coherent and efficient functioning of the State of Autonomies.La existencia de relaciones de cooperación es algo consustancial al Estado autonómico, aunque en España la cooperación entre los distintos poderes territoriales ha sido, cualitativa y cuantitativamente, escasa, pues durante largo tiempo pivotó, casi exclusivamente, sobre los mecanismos sectoriales de cooperación. Sin embargo, coincidiendo con el último proceso de reformas estatutarias, se han incorporado a la praxis política española dos nuevos mecanismos de cooperación de carácter general propios de los Estados federales: la Conferencia de Presidentes y la Conferencia de los Gobiernos de las Comunidades Autónomas. Este artículo se centra en el estudio de estos nuevos instrumentos, analizando los resultados obtenidos y determinando las dificultades a superar para consolidarse y contribuir a lograr un funcionamiento más coherente y eficaz del Estado autonómico.The existence of cooperative relations is inherent to the State of Autonomies, yet cooperation among the various regional authorities has been scarce in Spain, both qualitatively and quantitatively. For a long time, intergovernmental relations hinged on cooperative sectoral mechanisms. However, concurring with the last statutory reforms, new cooperation mechanisms of a general nature own federal states have been introduced in the Spanish political praxis: Conference of Presidents and the Conference of Autonomous-Community Governments. This paper focuses on the new instruments which have been institutionalized to comply with the principle of intergovernmental cooperation. It analyses the results obtained so far and identifies the problems which need to be addressed for said instruments to consolidate and contribute to a more coherent and efficient functioning of the State of Autonomies

Modelling the vertical distribution of canopy fuel load using national forest inventory and low-density airbone laser scanning data

[EN] The fuel complex variables canopy bulk density and canopy base height are often used to predict crown fire initiation and spread. Direct measurement of these variables is impractical, and they are usually estimated indirectly by modelling. Recent advances in predicting crown fire behaviour require accurate estimates of the complete vertical distribution of canopy fuels. The objectives of the present study were to model the vertical profile of available canopy fuel in pine stands by using data from the Spanish national forest inventory plus lowdensity airborne laser scanning (ALS) metrics. In a first step, the vertical distribution of the canopy fuel load was modelled using the Weibull probability density function. In a second step, two different systems of models were fitted to estimate the canopy variables defining the vertical distributions; the first system related these variables to stand variables obtained in a field inventory, and the second system related the canopy variables to airborne laser scanning metrics. The models of each system were fitted simultaneously to compensate the effects of the inherent cross-model correlation between the canopy variables. Heteroscedasticity was also analyzed, but no correction in the fitting process was necessary. The estimated canopy fuel load profiles from field variables explained 84% and 86% of the variation in canopy fuel load for maritime pine and radiata pine respectively; whereas the estimated canopy fuel load profiles from ALS metrics explained 52% and 49% of the variation for the same species. The proposed models can be used to assess the effectiveness of different forest management alternatives for reducing crown fire hazardSIFunding was provided by projects DIABOLO (H2020 GA 633464) and GEPRIF (RTA 2014-00011-c06-04). The funders did not participate in designing the study, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. We are grateful to the Galician Government and European Social Fund (Official Journal of Galicia – DOG n° 52, 17/03/2014, p. 11343, exp: POS-A/2013/049) for financing the postdoctoral research stays of Dr Eduardo González-Ferreiro at different institutions. Copyright of LiDAR data, Instituto Geográfico Nacional-Xunta de Galici

Parental body condition does not correlate with offspring sex-ratio in Cory's shearwater

We analyzed offspring sex ratio variation in Mediterranean Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris d. diomedea) during two consecutive breeding seasons in two colonies. We test for differential breeding conditions between years and colonies looking at several breeding parameters and parental condition. We then explored the relationship between offspring sex ratio and parental condition and breeding parameters. This species is sexually dimorphic with males larger and heavier than females; consequently we expected differential parental cost in rearing sexes, or a greater sensitivity of male chicks to adverse conditions, which may lead to biased sex ratios. Chicks were sexed molecularly by the amplification of the CHD genes. Offspring sex ratio did not differ from parity, either at hatching or fledging, regardless of the colony or year. However, parental body condition and breeding parameters such as egg size and breeding success were different between years and colonies. Nevertheless, neither nestling mortality nor body condition at fledging varied between years or colonies, suggesting that male and female chicks were probably not differentially affected by variability in breeding conditions

Ecological and physiological variance in T-cell mediated immune response in Cory's shearwaters

T-cell mediated immune response (CMI) hasbeen widely studied in relation to individual andfitness components in birds. However, few studieshave simultaneously examined individual and socialfactors and habitat-mediated variance in theimmunity of chicks and adults from the samepopulation and in the same breeding season. Weinvestigated ecological and physiological variancein CMI of male and female nestlings and adults in abreeding population of Cory's Shearwaters(Calonectrisdiomedea) in theMediterranean Sea. Explanatory variables includedindividual traits (body condition, carbon andnitrogen stable isotope ratios, plasma totalproteins, triglycerides, uric acid, osmolarity,β-hydroxy-butyrate, erythrocyte meancorpuscular diameter, hematocrit, andhemoglobin) and burrow traits(temperature, isolation, and physicalstructure). During incubation, immune responseof adult males was significantly greater than thatof females. Nestlings exhibited a lower immuneresponse than adults. Ecological and physiologicalfactors affecting immune response differed betweenadults and nestlings. General linear models showedthat immune response in adult males was positivelyassociated with burrow isolation, suggesting thatmales breeding at higher densities suffer immunesystem suppression. In contrast, immune response inchicks was positively associated with bodycondition and plasma triglyceride levels.Therefore, adult immune response appears to beassociated with social stress, whereas a trade-offbetween immune function and fasting capability mayexist for nestlings. Our results, and those fromprevious studies, provide support for anasymmetrical influence of ecological andphysiological factors on the health of differentage and sex groups within a population, and for theimportance of simultaneously considering individualand population characteristics in intraspecificstudies of immune response

The Onset of the English Agricultural Revolution: Climate Factors and Soil Nutrients

he English Agricultural Revolution began during a period of climate change in which temperatures decreased significantly. Lower temperatures meant less bacterial activity, a slower release of mineral nitrogen into cultivated soils, and a shorter growing season for crops a combination that tended to diminish yields. The English farmers reacted by increasing the flow of organic matter and manure into the soil, thus mitigating the negative effect of the colder temperatures to some extent. When the temperatures rose again, the faster mineralization of soil organic matter led to bountiful yields that encouraged English farmers to continue with these innovative strategies. The upshot is that the English agricultural revolution was more a discovery than an invention, that induced by a combination of climate challenges, social and institutional settings, and market incentives

Modelling the vertical distribution of canopy fuel load using national forest inventory and low-density airbone laser scanning data

The fuel complex variables canopy bulk density and canopy base height are often used to predict crown fire initiation and spread. Direct measurement of these variables is impractical, and they are usually estimated indirectly by modelling. Recent advances in predicting crown fire behaviour require accurate estimates of the complete vertical distribution of canopy fuels. The objectives of the present study were to model the vertical profile of available canopy fuel in pine stands by using data from the Spanish national forest inventory plus lowdensity airborne laser scanning (ALS) metrics. In a first step, the vertical distribution of the canopy fuel load was modelled using the Weibull probability density function. In a second step, two different systems of models were fitted to estimate the canopy variables defining the vertical distributions; the first system related these variables to stand variables obtained in a field inventory, and the second system related the canopy variables to airborne laser scanning metrics. The models of each system were fitted simultaneously to compensate the effects of the inherent cross-model correlation between the canopy variables. Heteroscedasticity was also analyzed, but no correction in the fitting process was necessary. The estimated canopy fuel load profiles from field variables explained 84% and 86% of the variation in canopy fuel load for maritime pine and radiata pine respectively; whereas the estimated canopy fuel load profiles from ALS metrics explained 52% and 49% of the variation for the same species. The proposed models can be used to assess the effectiveness of different forest management alternatives for reducing crown fire hazardWe are grateful to the Galician Government and European Social Fund (Official Journal of Galicia—DOG n° 52, 17/03/2014, p. 11343, exp: POS-A/2013/049) for financing the postdoctoral research stays of Dr Eduardo González-Ferreiro at different institutions. Copyright of LiDAR data, Instituto Geográfico Nacional-Xunta de GaliciaS

Potential of Sentinel-2A Data to Model Surface and Canopy Fuel Characteristics in Relation to Crown Fire Hazard

[EN] Background: Crown fires are often intense and fast spreading and hence can have serious impacts on soil, vegetation, and wildlife habitats. Fire managers try to prevent the initiation and spread of crown fires in forested landscapes through fuel management. The minimum fuel conditions necessary to initiate and propagate crown fires are known to be strongly influenced by four stand structural variables: surface fuel load (SFL), fuel strata gap (FSG), canopy base height (CBH), and canopy bulk density (CBD). However, there is often a lack of quantitative data about these variables, especially at the landscape scale. Methods: In this study, data from 123 sample plots established in pure, even-aged, Pinus radiata and Pinus pinaster stands in northwest Spain were analyzed. In each plot, an intensive field inventory was used to characterize surface and canopy fuels load and structure, and to estimate SFL, FSG, CBH, and CBD. Equations relating these variables to Sentinel-2A (S-2A) bands and vegetation indices were obtained using two non-parametric techniques: Random Forest (RF) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS). Results: According to the goodness-of-fit statistics, RF models provided the most accurate estimates, explaining more than 12%, 37%, 47%, and 31% of the observed variability in SFL, FSG, CBH, and CBD, respectively. To evaluate the performance of the four equations considered, the observed and estimated values of the four fuel variables were used separately to predict the potential type of wildfire (surface fire, passive crown fire, or active crown fire) for each plot, considering three different burning conditions (low, moderate, and extreme). The results of the confusion matrix indicated that 79.8% of the surface fires and 93.1% of the active crown fires were correctly classified; meanwhile, the highest rate of misclassification was observed for passive crown fire, with 75.6% of the samples correctly classified. Conclusions: The results highlight that the combination of medium resolution imagery and machine learning techniques may add valuable information about surface and canopy fuel variables at large scales, whereby crown fire potential and the potential type of wildfire can be classified.SIWe are grateful to the Galician Government and European Social Fund (Official Journal of Galicia DOG n° 52, 17 March 2014, p. 11343, exp: POS-A/2013/049) for financing the postdoctoral research stays of Eduardo González-Ferreiro at different institutions

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of fructans from agave (Agave tequilana Weber var. azul) at different ultrasound powers and solid-liquid ratios

Abstract The effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) at different ultrasound power densities (UPDs; 40, 80, and 120 mW/mL) and solid:liquid (S:L) ratio (1:2, 1:3, and 1:6) on the extraction of carbohydrates from Agave tequilana plant of different ages were evaluated. Extracts obtained (6- and 7-year-old plant) were analyzed in the yield of carbohydrates (YC), fructan (FRU) content, simple sugars, fructan profile and the average degree of polymerization (DPn). UPD, S:L ratio, and plant age all affected YC, FRU, and DPn. Maximum YC and FRU were obtained from the older agave with UPD and S:L ratio of 120 mW/mL and 1:6, respectively; while glucose, fructose, and sucrose were highly released from the younger plant. Agave of 7-year-old presented the highest DPn. Fructan degradation occurred at high UPD, increasing the simple sugars and decreasing the DPn. Thermal-traditional extraction without sonication caused more fructan degradation; and overall, ultrasound enhanced fructan extraction and minimized fructan damage, representing a technological alternative for fructan extraction from agave. Keywords: agave; fructans; ultrasound; power density; solid:liquid ratio; plant age. Practical Application: Agave tequilana Weber var. azul plants have significant amounts of fructans. Extraction of these components by alternative methods such as ultrasound could represent advantages, improving the extraction and product quality. This research presents an alternative for the extraction of fructans assisted with ultrasound, evaluating different powers and solid-liquid ratios from agave heads of two different ages. Both variables, as well as age of agave showed a strong effect on fructan extraction. Ultrasound enhanced the extraction and minimized fructan damage, representing a technological alternative