Mise en place des collecteurs et des collectories dans le royaume de France et en Provence (1316-1378)

The function of papal collector is progressively set up under John XXII’s papacy. At this time, the pope and the apostolic Chamber use numerous titles to designate one single position. From these various denominations – deputies, nuncios and commissioners – a unique function quickly stands out: the collector. This officer becomes, from 1328-1330, the responsible agent for collecting taxes at the local level. He works in very clearly defined territories, called collectories from 1348, and which boundaries are based on the dioceses and ecclesiastic provinces. The analysis of the collectories maps from 1316 to 1378 shows the consistency of the collection apparatus and stresses the careful consideration of its coherent functioning by the apostolic Chamber. The institutional set up of the collectors and collectories is therefore a testimony of the rationalisation of the papal administration.A criação do cargo de colector papal ocorreu de forma gradual a partir do pontificado de João XXII. O Papa e a Câmara Apostólica usam numerosos e variados títulos para designar uma mesma função. Os deputados, núncios e comissários convergiram rapidamente numa única figura, a do colector. Este agente tornou-se, a partir de 1328-1330, o oficial responsável pelas colectas a nível local, trabalhando em circunscrições claramente definidas, também conhecidas como colectorias a partir de 1348, e definidas com base nas dioceses e províncias eclesiásticas. Os mapas de colectorias de 1316 a 1378 atestam a organização coerente das recolhas e a atenção prestada pela Câmara Apostólica à coerência do seu funcionamento. A criação dos colectores e das colectorias é, portanto, um testemunho da racionalização da administração papal

L’institution de pratiques comptables normalisées et stables dans les milieux ecclésiastiques européens à la fin du Moyen Âge (xiiie-xvie siècles) : une assimilation des cultures de l’écrit au service d’enjeux administratifs

Entre essor des usages de l’écrit au xie siècle et assimilation des nouvelles pratiques issues de son emploi de plus en plus répandu au xiiie siècle, de nombreux documents ont été élaborés, produits, puis normalisés par différentes institutions afin de servir différents enjeux religieux, administratifs, judiciaires, commerciaux ou politiques. Les milieux ecclésiastiques, longtemps détenteurs d’un monopole de l’écrit, ont également assimilé et utilisé les outils qui leur étaient proposés, dont..

Conclusion

Une impression se dégage à la lecture des articles composant ce numéro sur les pratiques comptables normalisées dans les milieux ecclésiastiques à la fin du Moyen Âge, c’est le sentiment de la « vigueur » (Véronique Beaulande-Barraud) des actions menées par l’ensemble des institutions pour faire valoir leurs droits ou ceux des institutions qu’ils servaient. Ainsi, les collecteurs pontificaux en Provence ou les sous-collecteurs en Aragon notaient les dettes des bénéficiers, puis cherchaient à ..

Bibliothèques des collecteurs pontifi caux en territoire angevin (1316–1422)

The two pontifical collectors’ culture who worked in the ecclesiastical provinces of Tours and Provence between 1316 and 1422 is known by their library. It is delicate to use this small specimen to determinate the Angevin collectors’ culture, but it is very useful to understand that these libraries were at the same time the tools of the legal work and signs of a larger intellectual curiosity as well

Les comptabilités collectorales en terres d’empire, des ressources documentaires pour l’étude des pratiques de l’écrit, d’une histoire institutionnelle et culturelle de la fiscalité pontificale

Les archives secrètes du Vatican et les Archives d’État de Rome conservent quarante-cinq registres fiscaux pontificaux relatifs aux terres d’empire. Ils sont répartis dans vingt-trois fonds différents et concernent principalement la province de Besançon, une circonscription plus générale appelée « Allemagne », parfois Cologne, Mayence et d’autres provinces ecclésiastiques. Bien connus depuis la fin du xixe siècle, ces registres ont été les supports de l’écriture d’une histoire institutionnelle et fiscale de la papauté en Allemagne. La présentation générale de chaque compte permet toutefois de dessiner une histoire bénéficiale de la fiscalité en Allemagne, d’établir des lignes générales quant à l’organisation de la comptabilité, nombre de colonnes, organisation interne, division tripartite ou contrôle. Les études codicologiques et paléographiques sont des supports afin de mieux comprendre l’organisation interne des comptes et la normalisation des procédés d’écriture. Ils sont aussi le support à des interrogations sur l’histoire des livres de comptes, celle de la culture et des influences de ceux qui les ont fabriqués. Les comptes sont les supports d’une histoire institutionnelle, administrative, sociale et culturelle.The Vatican secret archives and the State Archives of Rome keep forty-five papal tax registers relating to Empire. They are divided into twenty-three different funds and mainly concern the province of Besançon, a more general distric called "Germany", sometimes Cologne, Mainz and other ecclesiastical provinces. Well known since the end of the 19th century, these registers were writing supports an institutional and fiscal history of the papacy in Germany. The general presentation of each account, however, allows drawing a beneficial history of taxation in Germany, to establish general lines, as for the organization of accounting, number of columns, internal organization, tripartite division or control. Codicological and paleographic studies are supports to better understand the internal organization of accounts and the standardization of writing processes. They are also the support for questions about the history of the books of accounts, as culture and the influences of those who made them. Accounts are the supports of an institutional, administrative, social and cultural history.Das Vatikanische Geheimarchiv und das Staatsarchiv von Rom führen fünfundvierzig päpstliche Steuerregister, die sich auf die Länder des Reiches beziehen. Sie sind in dreiundzwanzig verschiedene Fonds aufgeteilt und betreffen hauptsächlich die Provinz Besançon, einen allgemeineren Bezirk namens "Deutschland", manchmal auch Köln, Mainz und andere kirchliche Provinzen. Diese Register sind seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts bekannt und waren das Medium, um eine institutionelle und fiskalische Geschichte des Papsttums in Deutschland zu schreiben. Die allgemeine Darstellung jeder Buchführung ermöglicht es jedoch, eine vorteilhafte Geschichte der Besteuerung in Deutschland zu zeichnen, allgemeine Linien bezüglich der Organisation der Buchführung, der Anzahl der Spalten, der internen Organisation, der dreigliedrigen Aufteilung oder der Kontrolle festzulegen. Es werden kodikologische und paläographische Studien unterstützt, um die interne Organisation der Konten und die Standardisierung der Schreibverfahren besser zu verstehen. Sie sind auch die Stütze für Fragen zur Geschichte der Rechnungsbücher, zur Kulturgeschichte und zu den Einflüssen derer, die sie gemacht haben. Konten sind die Stützen einer institutionellen, administrativen, sozialen und kulturellen Geschichte.Los archivos secretos del Vaticano y los Archivos de Estado de Roma conservan cuarenta y cinco registros tributarios pontificios relativos a las tierras de imperio. Están repartidos en veintitrés fondos distintos y se refieren principalmente a la provincia de Besançon, a una circunscripción más grande llamada Alemana, a veces a Colonia, Maguncia y a otras provincias eclesiásticas. Muy conocidos desde finales del siglo XIX, estos registros fueron los soportes de la escritura de una historia institucional y tributaria del papado en Alemania. La presentación general de cada cuenta permite esbozar una historia beneficial de la fiscalidad en Alemania, establecer las líneas generales de la contabilidad, del número de columnas, de la organización interna, de la división tripartita, del control. Los estudios codicológicos y paleográficos son soportes para entender mejor la organización interna de las cuentas y la normalización de los procesos de escritura. Son también el soporte para interrogaciones sobre la historia de los libros de cuentas, la de la cultura y de las influencias de los que los fabricaron. Las cuentas representan el soporte de una historia institucional, administrativa, social y cultural

Rencontres Henri-Jean Martin : vingt ans de patrimoine

Enregistrements vidéos des Rencontres Henri-Jean Martin qui se sont tenues les 8 et 9 octobre 2012 à l\u27enssib

Matrix-Bound PAI-1 Supports Cell Blebbing via RhoA/ROCK1 Signaling

The microenvironment of a tumor can influence both the morphology and the behavior of cancer cells which, in turn, can rapidly adapt to environmental changes. Increasing evidence points to the involvement of amoeboid cell migration and thus of cell blebbing in the metastatic process; however, the cues that promote amoeboid cell behavior in physiological and pathological conditions have not yet been clearly identified. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) is found in high amount in the microenvironment of aggressive tumors and is considered as an independent marker of bad prognosis. Here we show by immunoblotting, activity assay and immunofluorescence that, in SW620 human colorectal cancer cells, matrix-associated PAI-1 plays a role in the cell behavior needed for amoeboid migration by maintaining cell blebbing, localizing PDK1 and ROCK1 at the cell membrane and maintaining the RhoA/ROCK1/MLC-P pathway activation. The results obtained by modeling PAI-1 deposition around tumors indicate that matrix-bound PAI-1 is heterogeneously distributed at the tumor periphery and that, at certain spots, the elevated concentrations of matrix-bound PAI-1 needed for cancer cells to undergo the mesenchymal-amoeboid transition can be observed. Matrix-bound PAI-1, as a matricellular protein, could thus represent one of the physiopathological requirements to support metastatic formation

DMTs and Covid-19 severity in MS: a pooled analysis from Italy and France

We evaluated the effect of DMTs on Covid-19 severity in patients with MS, with a pooled-analysis of two large cohorts from Italy and France. The association of baseline characteristics and DMTs with Covid-19 severity was assessed by multivariate ordinal-logistic models and pooled by a fixed-effect meta-analysis. 1066 patients with MS from Italy and 721 from France were included. In the multivariate model, anti-CD20 therapies were significantly associated (OR = 2.05, 95%CI = 1.39–3.02, p < 0.001) with Covid-19 severity, whereas interferon indicated a decreased risk (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.18–0.99, p = 0.047). This pooled-analysis confirms an increased risk of severe Covid-19 in patients on anti-CD20 therapies and supports the protective role of interferon

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)