L’ecclesiologie de la restauration de l’unite dans la conception des eglises orientales d’Europe centrale et de l’est entre xvie-xviiie siecles

After the ecclesiastical schism of 1054, the specific evolution of the Eastern Churches and the Roman Church becomes more and more visible. The East was organized on the basis of synodality and the relations between the suffragan hierarchies that took shape throughout history, with the fall of Constantinople (1453) freezing the internal evolution of the Greco-Byzantine rite under liturgical and disciplinary aspects. In the West, the Church emphasized its centralism around Rome, with the Latin canonical corpus evolving in a unilateral direction, adapted to the legislation of medieval states. The attempts to restore the unity of the Church reached a form of reconciliation of the points of dogmatic divergence at the Council of Ferrara – Florence (1431–1449), which would become the model for the later Unions of Brest-Litovsk (1596) and Alba- Julia (1700). The Eastern churches that re-enter in the unity of the Catholic Church faced the change of a ecclesiological paradigm, being in a permanent struggle to preserve their own specificity and to affirm the unity, realizing an avant-la-lettre ecumenical theology. The greatest and most difficult problems were encountered between the 16th and 18th centuries in the territories where the main United Churches emerged, which evolved into contemporary ecclesial structures, with the efforts of hierarchs and theologians contributing to the evolution of the model for restoring the unity of the Church of Christ.Apres le schisme ecclesiastique de 1054, l’evolution specifique des Eglises orientales et de l’Eglise romaine devient de plus en plus visible. L’Orient s’organise sur la base de la synodalite et des relations entre les hierarchies suffragantes qui se dessinent au cours de l’histoire, la chute de Constantinople (1453) figeant l’evolution interne du rite greco-byzantin sous les aspects liturgiques et disciplinaires. En Occident, l’Eglise souligne son centralisme autour de Rome, le corpus canonique latin evoluant dans un sens unilateral, adapte aux legislations des Etats medievaux. Les tentatives de restauration de l’unite de l’Eglise atteignirent une forme de reconciliation des points de divergence dogmatique lors du Concile de Ferrare-Florence (1431-1449), qui deviendra le modele des Unions ulterieures de Brest-Litovsk (1596) et Alba-Julia (1700). Les Eglises orientales qui reintegrent l’unite de l’Eglise catholique ont ete confrontees au changement de paradigme ecclesiologique, etant dans une lutte permanente pour preserver leur propre specificite et affirmer l’unite, en realisant une theologie oecumenique avant-la-lettre. Les problemes les plus grands et les plus difficiles ont ete rencontres entre les XVIe et XVIIIe siecles dans les territoires ou ont emerge les principales Eglises Unies qui ont evolue vers des structures ecclesiales contemporaines, les efforts des hierarques et des theologiens contribuant a l’evolution du modele de restauration de l’unite de l’Eglise.Apos o cisma eclesiastico de 1054, a evolucao especifica das Igrejas Orientais e da Igreja Romana torna-se cada vez mais visivel. O Oriente organizou-se com base na sinodalidade e nas relacoes entre as hierarquias sufraganeas que se foram formando ao longo da historia; a queda de Constantinopla (1453) congelou a evolucao interna do rito greco- -bizantino sob os aspetos liturgico e disciplinar. No Ocidente, a Igreja acentuou o seu centralismo em torno de Roma, tendo o corpus canonico latino evoluido numa direcao unilateral, adaptada a legislacao dos Estados medievais. As tentativas de restabelecer a unidade da Igreja atingiram uma forma de reconciliacao dos pontos de divergencia dogmatica no Concilio de Ferrara – Florenca (1431-1449), que se tornaria o modelo para as posteriores Unioes de Brest-Litovsk (1596) e Alba-Julia (1700). As Igrejas Orientais que reentraram na unidade da Igreja Catolica enfrentaram a mudanca de paradigma eclesiologico, estando numa luta permanente para preservar a propria especificidade e afirmar a unidade, realizando uma teologia ecumenica avant la lettre. Os maiores e mais dificeis problemas foram encontrados entre os seculos xvi e xviii nos territorios onde surgiram as principais Igrejas Unidas que evoluiram para as estruturas eclesiais contemporaneas, tendo os esforcos dos hierarcas e teologos contribuido para a evolucao do modelo de restauracao da unidade da Igreja de Cristo

A nova diretiva relativa à proteção do ambiente através do direito penal – reflexão breve sobre as infrações previstas no artigo 3º

This study takes a look at the new features introduced by Directive (EU) 2024/1203 of the European Parliament and of the Council, on the protection of the environment through criminal law, focusing on the definition of unlawful conduct and the list of categories of offenses that Member States must ensure constitute criminal offenses.Neste estudo faz-se um percurso pelas novidades introduzidas pela Diretiva (UE) 2024/1203 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, relativa à proteção do ambiente através do direito penal, centrando-se as reflexões na definição da conduta ilícita e na lista das categorias de infrações que os Estados-Membros devem assegurar que constituem crime

O pacto ecológico europeu no contexto das crises climática, pandémica e de segurança

The European Green Deal (EGD) constitutes a paradigm shift in European integration, giving priority to climate neutrality. The EGD provides a coherent narrative on climate and sustainability, which encompasses all other, including previously unrelated, policy areas. Environmental protection is now framed as making economic sense and considered in the context of economic development. The two latest crises were made to work towards the EGD’s objectives. The pandemic crisis made it possible to establish the link between the short and long term, making economic rationality compatible with the political priorities of the EGD. The need to respond to the pandemic crisis has therefore strengthened the Pact. So did the energy and security crisis triggered by Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. However, since then the EGD’s implementation has been strongly contested on political economy grounds, for alleged over-regulation and social reasons. Those invoked reasons are often based on unsustainable alternatives. Moreover, when ignoring the need to internalise environmental damages and the polluter pays principle, they are also founded on incomplete notions of economic efficiency and social justice

Ancestors, animacy & alterity in the work of Mary Sibande & Owanto

This article explores how French-Gabonese artist Owanto (b. 1953, Paris) and South African artist Mary Sibande (b. 1982, Baberton) visualize their ancestors as more-than-human avatars entangled with plants and critters in multi-media installation art projects. In her 2015 series Feeding My Ancestor, Owanto derives inspiration from the animism of the Gabon-based Bwiti to depict her grandmother Flavienne, and in her 2009-ongoing photographic and sculptural work depicting her ancestrally inspired alter-ego Sophie-Ntombikayise, Sibande echoes the presentism of ancestors in Zulu linguistics. I show how Owanto and Sibande’s respective series model an openness to the spiritual interconnectedness of all planetary inhabitants based on ancestral immaterial epistemologies. By demonstrating multi-species entanglement and care, Owanto and Sibande push at Western understandings of time, space and animacy. Western philosophy has long derided animism, naming it immaterial in all senses of the term, however, Owanto and Sibande’s artworks demonstrate that such a mode of being may be essential in expanding our reality beyond the urgency and destruction of the present

Using technology to elevate STEAM engagement and creativity in education: the green city activity

This paper explores technology\u27s dynamic integration to engage further and promote creativity in STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) education. The paper used a qualitative approach by combining a hands-on activity and observational analysis by delving into new ways that enhance learning experiences through technology and art. The study emphasizes the significance of incorporating art within STEAM frameworks and highlights its cooperative relationship with technology. It investigates the multifaceted intersections of creativity, technology, and the arts in educational settings. This research aims to reveal the transformative potential of such integrated approaches. The findings not only provide valuable insights into effective teaching methodologies but also underline the importance of developing a new skill set that prepares learners for the challenges of the 21st century. Furthermore, this paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on educational innovation and the use of art in technology

Fatores que influenciam os estudantes na escolha do curso e da instituição de ensino superior em Angola

Higher education in Angola has undergone significant expansion in recent decades, evidenced by the increase in the number of students, courses, and diversification of institutions. Grounded in a qualitative paradigm, this study aimed to understand the factors influencing students’ decision-making in choosing their course and higher education institution. To this end, qualitative data collection techniques such as participant observation and document analysis were used, alongside a quantitative approach through questionnaire administration. Results indicate that, when selecting a course, students consider associated costs and professional vocation as decisive factors. Regarding institution choice, teaching quality and availability of the preferred course stand out as priorities. Furthermore, courses in Health Sciences, Humanities, and Exact Sciences were the most sought after, reflecting the link to employability opportunities in Angola. The study included students from nine provinces, mostly in the southern region, highlighting the need for future research with broader territorial coverage and greater variable diversity. These findings contribute to a better understanding of Angolan students’ motivations, providing valuable insights for educational policy formulation and institutional management.O Ensino Superior, em Angola, vivenciou nas últimas décadas uma fase de grande expansão a nível do número de estudantes, de cursos e do número e diversidade de instituições. Este estudo situa-se no paradigma qualitativo, tendo como objetivo compreender os fatores de tomada de decisão dos estudantes na escolha do curso e da Instituição de Ensino Superior. Neste sentido, elaborou-se a seguinte pergunta de investigação: Que fatores influenciam nas decisões dos estudantes na escolha do curso e da Instituição de Ensino Superior? Recorreu-se a técnicas de recolha de dados de natureza qualitativa, a observação participativa e a análise documental, e de natureza quantitativa, o inquérito por questionário. Os resultados mostram que os custos associados à frequência do curso e a questão da vocação são fatores primordiais na escolha do curso por parte dos estudantes. Quanto à escolha da Instituição de Ensino Superior, os estudantes priorizam a qualidade de ensino e a disponibilidade do curso de sua preferência