Infraestructuras ecológicas y cultivo orgánico: efectos sobre las comunidades de artrópodos beneficiosos en cultivos mediterráneos tradicionales

[EN] The current scenario of global threats to biodiversity coupled with the growing concern about the long-term sustainability of agroecosystems has led to the development of measures including the maintenance of ecological focus areas such as non-cropped habitats or the promotion of environmentally friendly agricultural practices such as organic farming. Under this scenario of biodiversity loss, the preservation of ecological infrastructures is crucial to maintain ecosystem functions and to deliver ecosystem services such as pollination or biological control of pests, which largely determine agricultural productivity and food security. In addition, the development of reliable evaluation schemes is essential to assess the status of biodiversity. In agroecosystems, ecological infrastructures contribute heavily to enhance biodiversity and underlying services, and their contribution depends on their ecological quality. Based on the questionnaire by Boller et al. (2004) for temperate areas, we propose a reliable tool for evaluating the ecological quality of woodland patches, hedges and grass strips associated with Mediterranean agroecosystems (simplified questionnaire). Since management practices and organism composition vary across geographical regions, the implementation of evaluation tools adapted to other geographical regions is deemed necessary. The development of the simplified questionnaire followed a five-steps' approach: (i) application of the Boller's questionnaire in the field; (ii) Boller's questionnaire adaptation; (iii) development of the simplified questionnaire through the assessment and simplification of Boller's questionnaire; (iv) evaluation of the simplified questionnaire effectiveness; (v) proposal of plant indicator species associated to the different quality levels obtained from applying the simplified questionnaire, as an additional tool for quality assessment that complements such questionnaire. A total of 482 ecological infrastructures were evaluated in La Rioja (Spain) in 2014. We point out that the assessment tool based on simplified questionnaire is straightforward and easy to apply by both experts and non-experts. We also propose the simplified questionnaire development procedure as a guide to create evaluation questionnaires adapted to other ecological infrastructure types. The role that ecological infrastructures such as hedges or strips have in enhancing functionally important groups has been reasonably well investigated in temperate areas. However, it is much less documented in agroecosystems from the Mediterranean basin, even though this area has been identified as a biodiversity hotspot for conservation priorities. We analyzed, in a study developed during 2014 in a traditional vineyard agroecosystem in La Rioja (Northern Spain), the beneficial arthropod communities across four types of linear ecological infrastructures: woodland hedges, rosaceous hedges, grass strips and flower strips. We investigated the value of these elements as a source of predators, parasitoids and pollinators. We show that the abundance, richness and distribution of families of each functional group is determined by features characterizing the different types of those infrastructures. Ecological infrastructures with a suitable level of structural diversity constitute an important reservoir of predators. On the other hand, parasitoids and pollinators were limited by the availability of hosts, pollen and nectar resources. Flower strips, less complex infrastructures that offer a high amount of floral resources, benefited communities of both parasitoids and pollinators. Within arthropods, spiders are generalist predators that are considered important components of biodiversity in vineyard ecosystems, where they can play a prominent role in the natural control of pest populations. Nevertheless, the influence that ecological infrastructures have on driving spider assemblages in Mediterranean vineyard agroecosystems is practically unknown. The spider assemblages across woodland hedges, rosaceous hedges, grass strips and flower strips were analyzed in a study conducted in La Rioja. These assemblages were examined across three levels of organization (taxon, guild and body-size group). Abundance and richness of spiders were higher in more structurally diverse infrastructures. The response to habitat type differed among guilds but, overall, higher densities of spiders from different guilds were found in hedges. Body-size groups had a more balanced distribution in strips and hedges with higher levels of structural diversity. Due to the variability in habitat preferences found among the different functionally important taxa of predators, parasitoids and pollinators, we highlight the importance of preserving different types of ecological infrastructures across vineyard agroecosystems to maintain well-structured assemblages of beneficial arthropods and maximize underlying services. Our results suggest that it is also crucial to preserve complex and heterogeneous ecological infrastructures to maintain diversified spider assemblages. In addition to the role that ecological infrastructures have in the maintenance of the biodiversity in agroecosystems, some of the negative effects of agricultural intensification on biodiversity can be counteracted by the implementation of the more sustainable management practices that organic farming uses. In terrestrial ecosystems, both land use and topographic features are important filters in shaping taxa distribution. It is essential to identify which factors significantly drive changes in populations in order to maximize the abundance and richness of beneficial arthropods and the underlying services across agroecosystems. We examined beneficial arthropod communities to disentangle the extent to which predators, parasitoids, and pollinators are conditioned by local field management (organic vs. conventional management) and topographic features (hillside aspect). Beneficial arthropod communities were assessed in traditional cherry orchards in western Spain. Overall, dominant or most representative parasitoid and pollinator taxa benefited from organic management, whereas predators showed a more heterogeneous pattern due to their varying responses to habitat characteristics. Topographic features, although being a factor for some of the studied groups, did not strongly affect beneficial arthropod communities. We additionally explored the response of spider community to the farming system (organic and conventional) and the hillside aspect (sunny or shady) from a taxonomical, behavioral, and morphological perspective. Spiders were identified to family and classified in body size classes. According to their foraging behavior, spiders were additionally sorted in guilds and, for a selected family of each guild, morphological traits were measured on each individual. Spider traits and composition are determined both by local factors derived from farming system, as well as by climate conditions associated to the hillside aspect. In taxonomical terms, spiders benefit from organic farming and by the shady aspect. However, from a guild perspective, spiders respond more heterogeneously to such factors, with strong variations among different feeding behaviors. Additionally, morphological traits within guilds vary in response to management practices that constitute conditioning disturbance events for each guild, resulting in filtering small individuals. Our results indicate that the effects of farming system on beneficial arthropods are not easily predictable. Due to the variability in habitat preferences found among different functionally important taxa, we highlight the importance of continuing to unravel the specific responses of beneficial arthropods to local management practices. Furthermore, differences in taxonomical, behavioral, and morphological responses of spiders to habitat properties highlight the importance of examining their assemblages from different perspectives

Impacto de las costumbres alimentarias en Nuevo León, México: estudio parcial

En los últimos años, ha aumentado la prevalencia de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas en el mundo, incluyendo México, debido a sus costumbres alimenticias. Nuevo León ha experimentado un incremento alarmante en la región, afectando a un porcentaje significativo de la población adulta. Según la ENSANUT 2022, la prevalencia de obesidad y diabetes en adultos fue del 160.0%. Además, el 46% de los adultos en México tienen niveles altos de colesterol LDL en sangre, siendo una de las principales causas de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Asimismo, 3 de cada 10 niños y niñas entre 5 y 11 años y 7 de cada 10 adultos padecen sobrepeso u obesidad. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las costumbres alimentarias de Nuevo León, con el fin de comprender las posibles causas de enfermedades crónicas. Para ello, se realizó una encuesta a 78 voluntarios para analizar factores de predisposición. Los resultados mostraron que las personas de 40 a 49 años son las que padecen más obesidad, diabetes y enfermedades gastrointestinales. De acuerdo con lo anterior, las costumbres alimentarias de una población influyen significativamente en el riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas, lo que destaca la importancia de promover una alimentación saludable para reducir el impacto de estas enfermedades en la salud

Análise Sensorial E Intenção De Compra De Doce De Leite / Sensory Analysis And Intention To Buy Milk Jam

O doce de leite é um produto típico da América Latina, produzido e consumido em grande escala no Brasil e na Argentina, não apresenta uniformidade de qualidade, especialmente em relação às características sensoriais (cor, aparência, textura, sabor). Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os atributos sensoriais: aparência, aroma, cor, sabor, textura e viscosidade do doce de leite, com o uso de escala hedônica verbal de 5 pontos e a intenção de compra com escala de três pontos. Este experimento foi realizado no Instituto Federal de Rondônia, Campus Colorado do Oeste, com 46 provadores, não treinados, com a preparação artesanal do doce de leite no laboratório Agroindustrial.  De acordo com os dados obtidos na análise sensorial, o produto teve uma excelente aceitação, com relação ao atributo sabor 82,6% julgaram como “ótimo” e nenhum apontamento para o “ruim” ou “péssimo”.  No teste de aceitabilidade (somatória da pontuação “ótimo” mais “bom”) todos os atributos sensoriais analisados atingiram um percentual entre 93 a 98%.  De todos os parâmetros analisados a textura e a viscosidade tiveram os maiores índices “regular”, 6,5%, e os menores, 2,2%, para o aroma e cor. Com relação à intenção de compra 97,8% dos julgadores “comprariam” o doce de leite

Avaliação sensorial e intenção de compra de iogurtes acrescidos de diferentes aromatizantes / Sensory evaluation and purchase intention of yogurts plus different flavorings

O mercado de iogurtes no Brasil cresceu consideravelmente devido à incorporação de novos ingredientes à sua formulação, diversificando sabores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar iogurtes com diferentes sabores, morango, abacaxi com hortelã, limão e framboesa, comparando a aceitação e a intenção de compra desses, por meio de análise sensorial composta por uma equipe de 43 julgadores, não treinados, que avaliaram os atributos de aparência, aroma, textura, viscosidade, acidez, cor e sabor. Segundo o Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação – FNDE (2006), um alimento é considerado aceito quando possui um índice de aceitação ? 85%, na somatória do “ótimo” e “bom” na escala hedônica verbal, pode-se observar que o iogurte com sabor framboesa atingiu o índice de aceitabilidade de 90% e a intenção de compra apresentou a maior atitude positiva, com 72% dos provadores confirmando que o comprariam.

Guiones y cuadernos de prácticas de campo en el entorno digital: innovación para mejorar su accesibilidad y contenido

Memoria ID2022-133 Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2022-2023

Evolución del volcanismo submarino en el estrecho Bransfield: Relación de las emanaciones hidrotermales con la biodiversidad y el cambio climático - [Boletín M 1]

Las expediciones científicas peruanas a la Antártida se realizan desde el año 1988, fecha en la que se realizó la Primera Expedición Científica Peruana a la Antártida – ANTAR I. Esta expedición se realizó a bordo del BIC Humboldt. El Ingemmet, como ente rector de las geociencias en nuestro país, participa desde la segunda expedición antártica, primero como apoyo técnico y geológico en Punta Crepín, isla Rey Jorge, para la construcción y ampliación de la Estación Científica Machu Picchu. A partir del período 2018-2019 y con arribo de la moderna plataforma BAP Carrasco, se empiezan a desarrollar proyectos de investigación multidisciplinarios en geología marina y antártica, con colaboración de instituciones nacionales e internacionales. Siendo así, el Ingemmet, para el desarrollo de la XXVII Expedición Científica Peruana a la Antártida – ANTAR XXVII, presenta un proyecto multidisciplinario que busca relacionar el impacto de la geología en la distribución y biodiversidad del fondo marino Este proyecto se titula “Evolución del Volcanismo Submarino en el estrecho de Bransfield: Relación de las Emanaciones Hidrotermales con la Biodiversidad y el Cambio Climático” y se desarrolla en coordinación y cooperación entre el Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (Ingemmet), la universidad Científica del Sur (Científica – Perú), la Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (Uruguay) y el Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de Andréis (Invemar - Colombia). Este proyecto busca caracterizar la morfología y composición de los volcanes y emanaciones hidrotermales submarinas, así como identificar las comunidades biológicas, microbiológicas y características medioambientales del estrecho de Bransfield, Antártida. Siendo así, las actividades para cumplir este objetivo se desarrollan a través de la realización de cruceros de investigación geológica-oceanográfica, que se denominan cruceros multinacionales ORCA. La ejecución de las actividades se realiza a bordo de la plataforma científica BAP Carrasco, y son coordinadas por la Dirección de Asuntos Antárticos del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. El crucero tuvo una duración de 15 días efectivos de trabajo y abarco 4 áreas de recolección de información: bahía Collins, bahía Almirantazgo, bahía Esperanza y estrecho de Bransfield. Así también, comprendió el levantamiento de información geológica, oceanográfica, biológica, microbiológica, radiológica y de microplásticos entre la isla Rey Jorge y la península antártica. El presente boletín tiene por objetivo mostrar toda la información recopilada durante el desarrollo del Crucero ORCA I, para que sea de disponibilidad de la comunidad científica

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

¿Qué queda de mí?

Este libro es una reclamación a quienes hemos sido, somos o seremos docentes. A quienes no hemos respetado a las personas que se han puesto junto a nosotros y nosotras, confiando su bien más preciado: la libertad. Estas páginas denuncian cada vez que convertimos una visión en la visión, una emoción en la emoción, un saber en el saber, un comportamiento en el comportamiento. Es un grito contra la imposición, la normalización, la neutralización y la universalización de una perspectiva particular. Una pugna contra cada proceso que no se ha conectado con las vidas de los aprendices. Un texto colaborativo realizado por alumnado de Educación y Cambio Social en el Grado en Educación Infantil de la Universidad de Málaga y coordinado por Ignacio Calderón Almendros

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049