<i>Wolbachia</i> springs eternal: symbiosis in Collembola is associated with host ecology

Wolbachia are endosymbiotic alpha-proteobacteria infecting a wide range of arthropods and nematode hosts with diverse interactions, from reproductive parasites to obligate mutualists. Their taxonomy is defined by lineages called supergroups (labelled by letters of the alphabet), while their evolutionary history is complex, with multiple horizontal transfers and secondary losses. One of the least recently derived, supergroup E, infects springtails (Collembola), widely distributed hexapods, with sexual and/or parthenogenetic populations depending on species. To better characterize the diversity of Wolbachia infecting springtails, the presence of Wolbachia was screened in 58 species. Eleven (20%) species were found to be positive, with three Wolbachia genotypes identified for the first time in supergroup A. The novel genotypes infect springtails ecologically and biologically different from those infected by supergroup E. To root the Wolbachia phylogeny, rather than distant other Rickettsiales, supergroup L infecting plant-parasitic nematodes was used here. We hypothesize that the ancestor of Wolbachia was consumed by soil-dwelling nematodes, and was transferred horizontally via plants into aphids, which then infected edaphic arthropods (e.g. springtails and oribatid mites) before expanding into most clades of terrestrial arthropods and filarial nematodes. </jats:p

Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Spontaneous Cerebellar Hemorrhage: An International Cohort Study

International audienceBACKGROUND:Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the cerebellum has a poor short-term prognosis, whereas data on the long-term case fatality and recurrent vascular events are sparse. Herewith, we aimed to assess the long-term case fatality and recurrence rate of vascular events after a first cerebellar ICH.METHODS:In this international cohort study, we included patients from 10 hospitals (the United States and Europe from 1997 to 2017) aged ≥18 years with a first spontaneous cerebellar ICH who were discharged alive. Data on long-term case fatality and recurrence of vascular events (recurrent ICH [supratentoria or infratentorial], ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or major vascular surgery) were collected for survival analysis and absolute event rate calculation.RESULTS:We included 405 patients with cerebellar ICH (mean age [SD], 72 [13] years, 49% female). The median survival time was 67 months (interquartile range, 23–100 months), with a cumulative survival rate of 34% at 10-year follow-up (median follow-up time per center ranged: 15–80 months). In the 347 patients with data on vascular events 92 events occurred in 78 patients, after initial cerebellar ICH: 31 (8.9%) patients had a recurrent ICH (absolute event rate, 1.8 per 100 patient-years [95% CI, 1.2–2.6]), 39 (11%) had an ischemic stroke (absolute event rate, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.6–3.2]), 13 (3.7%) had a myocardial infarction (absolute event rate, 0.8 [95% CI, 0.4–1.3]), and 5 (1.4%) underwent major vascular surgery (absolute event rate, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.1–0.7]). The median time to a first vascular event during follow-up was 27 months (interquartile range, 8.7–50 months), with a cumulative hazard of 47% at 10 years.CONCLUSIONS:The long-term prognosis of patients who survive a first spontaneous cerebellar ICH is poor and comparable to that of patients who survive a first supratentorial ICH. Further identification of patients at high risk of vascular events following the initial cerebellar ICH is needed. Including patients with cerebellar ICH in randomized controlled trials on secondary prevention of patients with ICH is warranted

No caminho para o urbanismo. Saturnino de Brito e Édouard Imbeaux, trajetórias profissionais entre Brasil e França

The aim of this work is to establish a dialogue between the professional trajectories of two engineers: Saturnino de Brito (1864-1929) and Édouard Imbeaux (1861-1943). They both focussed on the city as object of action and reflection based on an innovative knowledge of hygiene and sanitation issues. The specificity of these trajectories is the association of practice, theoretical reflection and dissemination: these two professionals respectively contributed, in their countries, to the construction of Town planning as a discipline, in particular in relation to its technical approach. The international scene is an important dimension of their activity as it made possible the circulation / comparison of technical knowledge between Europe and Brazil and it contributed to find a specific and appropriate response to the problems of the city. The interaction of local, national and international scene allows another perspective of the professional trajectories of Saturnino de Brito and Edouard Imbeaux.O objetivo deste trabalho é estabelecer um diálogo entre duas trajetórias profissionais, a de Saturnino de Brito (1864-1929) e a de Édouard Imbeaux (1861-1943), que privilegiaram a cidade como objeto de ação e de reflexão, as quais são construídas a partir de um conhecimento inovador sobre as questões de higiene e saneamento. A especificidade desses percursos é a associação da prática com a reflexão teórica e sua difusão: estes dois profissionais contribuíram, assim, cada um em seu país, para a construção da disciplina urbanística, especialmente em sua abordagem técnica. O cenário internacional constitui uma dimensão importante de sua ação, que tornou possível a circulação/confronto de saberes técnicos entre Europa e Brasil e contribuiu com a pesquisa de uma resposta concreta e adaptada aos problemas da cidade. A interação do cenário local, nacional e internacional permite trazer um outro olhar sobre as trajetórias profissionais de Saturnino de Brito e Édouard Imbeaux

On the dynamics of the adenylate energy system: homeorhesis vs homeostasis.

Biochemical energy is the fundamental element that maintains both the adequate turnover of the biomolecular structures and the functional metabolic viability of unicellular organisms. The levels of ATP, ADP and AMP reflect roughly the energetic status of the cell, and a precise ratio relating them was proposed by Atkinson as the adenylate energy charge (AEC). Under growth-phase conditions, cells maintain the AEC within narrow physiological values, despite extremely large fluctuations in the adenine nucleotides concentration. Intensive experimental studies have shown that these AEC values are preserved in a wide variety of organisms, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Here, to understand some of the functional elements involved in the cellular energy status, we present a computational model conformed by some key essential parts of the adenylate energy system. Specifically, we have considered (I) the main synthesis process of ATP from ADP, (II) the main catalyzed phosphotransfer reaction for interconversion of ATP, ADP and AMP, (III) the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP yielding ADP, and (IV) the enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP providing AMP. This leads to a dynamic metabolic model (with the form of a delayed differential system) in which the enzymatic rate equations and all the physiological kinetic parameters have been explicitly considered and experimentally tested in vitro. Our central hypothesis is that cells are characterized by changing energy dynamics (homeorhesis). The results show that the AEC presents stable transitions between steady states and periodic oscillations and, in agreement with experimental data these oscillations range within the narrow AEC window. Furthermore, the model shows sustained oscillations in the Gibbs free energy and in the total nucleotide pool. The present study provides a step forward towards the understanding of the fundamental principles and quantitative laws governing the adenylate energy system, which is a fundamental element for unveiling the dynamics of cellular life

Gouvernement, Forces Armées et Parlement : Une introduction à la politique de défense de l’Espagne contemporaine (1989-2015)

For the army and the defence, the Transition represented a profound upheaval in their organisation, their missions, their relationship to society and to the Western armies. This Transition, marked by international integration (EEC, NATO) and the external signs of an indispensable military reform, constitutes however only the first part of a two-stage mutation, which will continue throughout the 1990s. The military reform of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero culminates this process of transformation of almost two decades, while bringing Spanish defence into the 21st century atthe same time.The worldwide geopolitical, strategic and energy issues as well as the international and national economic dynamics, shape the main orientations of a defence policy still deeply marked by the echoes of its recent history. The parliamentary control of the defence policy is the third part of a triptych aimed at elucidating the nature and the political and institutional stakes of defence.La Transición representó para el Ejército y la defensa una profunda convulsión en su organización, sus misiones, su relación con la sociedad y con los ejércitos occidentales. Esta Transición, marcada por las integraciones internacionales (CEE, OTAN) y los signos externos de una imprescindible reforma militar, fue sin embargo tan sólo la primera parte de una mutación en dos etapas que se prolongaría a lo largo de los años noventa. La reforma militar de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero a partir de 2004 fue la culminación de este proceso de transformación, que duró casi dos décadas, al tiempo que le permitió a la defensa española entrar plenamente en el siglo XXI.Las cuestiones geopolíticas, estratégicas y energéticas que están en juego en el mundo, así como las dinámicas económicas internacionales y nacionales, marcan las principales orientaciones de una política de defensa que sigue siendo profundamente marcada por los ecos de su historia reciente. Las modalidades del control parlamentario de la política de defensa corresponden a la tercera parte de un tríptico destinado a dilucidar la naturaleza y los retos políticos e institucionales de la defensa.La Transition a représenté pour l’armée et la défense un bouleversement profond dans leur organisation, leurs missions, leur rapport à la société et aux armées occidentales. Cette Transition, jalonnée par les intégrations internationales (CEE, OTAN) et les signes extérieurs d’une indispensable réforme militaire, ne constitue toutefois que la première partie d’une mutation en deux temps, et qui se poursuivra tout au long des années 1990. La réforme militaire de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero culmine ce processus de transformation de près de deux décennies, en même temps qu’elle fait entrer de plain-pied la défense espagnole dans le XXIe siècle. Les enjeux géopolitiques, stratégiques et énergétiques mondiaux, ainsi que les dynamiques économiques internationales et nationales configurent les grandes orientations d’une politique de défense encore profondément marquée par les échos de son histoire récente. Le contrôle parlementaire de la politique de défense constitue le troisième volet d’un triptyque destiné à élucider la nature et les enjeux politiques et institutionnels de la défense

Gobierno, Fuerzas Armadas y Parlamento. : una introducción a la política de Defensa de la España contemporánea (1989-2015)

La Transition a représenté pour l’armée et la défense un bouleversement profond dans leur organisation, leurs missions, leur rapport à la société et aux armées occidentales. Cette Transition, jalonnée par les intégrations internationales (CEE, OTAN) et les signes extérieurs d’une indispensable réforme militaire, ne constitue toutefois que la première partie d’une mutation en deux temps, et qui se poursuivra tout au long des années 1990. La réforme militaire de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero culmine ce processus de transformation de près de deux décennies, en même temps qu’elle fait entrer de plain-pied la défense espagnole dans le XXIe siècle. Les enjeux géopolitiques, stratégiques et énergétiques mondiaux, ainsi que les dynamiques économiques internationales et nationales configurent les grandes orientations d’une politique de défense encore profondément marquée par les échos de son histoire récente. Le contrôle parlementaire de la politique de défense constitue le troisième volet d’un triptyque destiné à élucider la nature et les enjeux politiques et institutionnels de la défense.For the army and the defence, the Transition represented a profound upheaval in their organisation, their missions, their relationship to society and to the Western armies. This Transition, marked by international integration (EEC, NATO) and the external signs of an indispensable military reform, constitutes however only the first part of a two-stage mutation, which will continue throughout the 1990s. The military reform of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero culminates this process of transformation of almost two decades, while bringing Spanish defence into the 21st century atthe same time.The worldwide geopolitical, strategic and energy issues as well as the international and national economic dynamics, shape the main orientations of a defence policy still deeply marked by the echoes of its recent history. The parliamentary control of the defence policy is the third part of a triptych aimed at elucidating the nature and the political and institutional stakes of defence.La Transición representó para el Ejército y la defensa una profunda convulsión en su organización, sus misiones, su relación con la sociedad y con los ejércitos occidentales. Esta Transición, marcada por las integraciones internacionales (CEE, OTAN) y los signos externos de una imprescindible reforma militar, fue sin embargo tan sólo la primera parte de una mutación en dos etapas que se prolongaría a lo largo de los años noventa. La reforma militar de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero a partir de 2004 fue la culminación de este proceso de transformación, que duró casi dos décadas, al tiempo que le permitió a la defensa española entrar plenamente en el siglo XXI.Las cuestiones geopolíticas, estratégicas y energéticas que están en juego en el mundo, así como las dinámicas económicas internacionales y nacionales, marcan las principales orientaciones de una política de defensa que sigue siendo profundamente marcada por los ecos de su historia reciente. Las modalidades del control parlamentario de la política de defensa corresponden a la tercera parte de un tríptico destinado a dilucidar la naturaleza y los retos políticos e institucionales de la defensa

Temporal evolution of surface processes inferred from Cosmogenic Nuclides in a slow erosion setting, insights from the Serra do Cipo range, Brazil

International audienc

Temporal evolution of surface processes inferred from Cosmogenic Nuclides in a slow erosion setting, insights from the Serra do Cipo range, Brazil

International audienc