Literature review of evaluation methods of the clinicalinterview in health sciences

La entrevista clínica se considera de gran importancia en la educación de los profesionales de la salud para que estos posean las habilidades necesarias para afrontar con éxito la relación terapeuta-paciente. Los objetivos de esta revisión bibliográfica exploratoria consisten en averiguar si, en la literatura actual, existen métodos de evaluación de forma escrita que permitan medir la entrevista clínica en Fisioterapia y en otras carreras de Ciencias de la Salud como Medicina o Enfermería. Y como segundo objetivo, si coinciden los métodos de evaluación utilizados en cada una de ellas, observando, además, la posible existencia o no desigualdades entre las mismas. Se revisó la información existente en los buscadores PubMed, Cochrane, PEDro, Google Académico o ScienceDirect, entre otros. Se utilizaron estudios realizados entre los años 2000 y 2020. Finalmente se aplicaron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión mediante la Declaración PRISMA. Se encontraron un total de 9 trabajos que expresan la existencia de cuestionarios o escalas en las titulaciones anteriormente referidas (Medicina, Enfermería y Fisioterapia) y nos permiten ver las diferencias entre unos métodos y otros. Además, la escala PRISMA aporta información de calidad que nos permite observar las similitudes y diferencias en cuanto al contenido de los artículos. Existe evidencia disponible en las distintas disciplinas y en todas ellas existe una coincidencia en cuanto a los cuestionarios o escalas utilizados. Se necesita mayor investigación futura en este campo, sobre todo en Fisioterapiathe clinical interview is considered of great importance in the education of healthprofessionals so that they have the necessary skills to successfully face the therapist-patientrelationship. The objectives of this exploratory bibliographical review consist of finding out if, in thecurrent literature, there are written evaluation methods that allow measuring the clinical interviewin Physiotherapy and in other Health Sciences careers such as Medicine or Nursing. And as asecond objective, if the evaluation methods used in each of them coincide, observing, in addition,the possible existence or not of inequalities between them. The existing information in the PubMed,Cochrane, PEDro, Google Scholar or ScienceDirect search engines, among others, was reviewed.Studies carried out between the years 2000 and 2020 were used. Finally, the inclusion and exclusioncriteria were applied through the PRISMA Declaration. A total of 9 works were found that expressthe existence of questionnaires or scales in the aforementioned degrees (Medicine, Nursing andPhysiotherapy) and allow us to see the differences between some methods and others. In addition,the PRISMA scale provides quality information that allows us to observe the similarities and differences in terms of the content of the articles. There is evidence available in the differentdisciplines and in all of them there is a coincidence in terms of the questionnaires or scales used.More future research is needed in this field, especially in Physiotherap

PARP1 Deficiency Reduces Tumour Growth by Decreasing E2F1 Hyperactivation: A Novel Mechanism in the Treatment of Cancer

In recent years, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have been evaluated for treating homologous recombination-deficient tumours, taking advantage of synthetic lethality. However, increasing evidence indicates that PARP1 exert several cellular functions unrelated with their role on DNA repair, including function as a co-activator of transcription through protein-protein interaction with E2F1. Since the RB/E2F1 pathway is among the most frequently mutated in many tumour types, we investigated whether the absence of PARP activity could counteract the consequences of E2F1 hyperactivation. Our results demonstrate that genetic ablation of Parp1 extends the survival of Rb-null embryos, while genetic inactivation of Parp1 results in reduced development of pRb-dependent tumours. Our results demonstrate that PARP1 plays a key role as a transcriptional co-activator of the transcription factor E2F1, an important component of the cell cycle regulation. Considering that most oncogenic processes are associated with cell cycle deregulation, the disruption of this PARP1-E2F1 interaction could provide a new therapeutic target of great interest and a wide spectrum of indicationsThis work received financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (SAF2008-00543 and SAF2009-08629; J.A.C.) and ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PI15/01129), the Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria (GPC2014/030, INCITE08PXIB208091PR and PXIB208091PR; J.A.C.), PRE/2011/131 (I.G.C.), the Centro Singular de Investigación de Galicia accreditation 2016–2019, ED431G/05), and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)S

Moonlighting of Haemophilus influenzae heme acquisition systems contributes to the host airway-pathogen interplay in a coordinated manner

Nutrient iron sequestration is the most significant form of nutritional immunity and causes bacterial pathogens to evolve strategies of host iron scavenging. Cigarette smoking contains iron particulates altering lung and systemic iron homeostasis, which may enhance colonization in the lungs of patients suffering chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by opportunistic pathogens such as nontypeable. NTHi is a heme auxotroph, and the NTHi genome contains multiple heme acquisition systems whose role in pulmonary infection requires a global understanding. In this study, we determined the relative contribution to NTHi airway infection of the four heme-acquisition systems HxuCBA, PE, SapABCDFZ, and HbpA-DppBCDF that are located at the bacterial outer membrane or the periplasm. Our computational studies provided plausible 3D models for HbpA, SapA, PE, and HxuA interactions with heme. Generation and characterization of single mutants in the hxuCBA, hpe, sapA, and hbpA genes provided evidence for participation in heme binding-storage and inter-bacterial donation. The hxuA, sapA, hbpA, and hpe genes showed differential expression and responded to heme. Moreover, HxuCBA, PE, SapABCDFZ, and HbpA-DppBCDF presented moonlighting properties related to resistance to antimicrobial peptides or glutathione import, together likely contributing to the NTHi-host airway interplay, as observed upon cultured airway epithelia and in vivo lung infection. The observed multi-functionality was shown to be system-specific, thus limiting redundancy. Together, we provide evidence for heme uptake systems as bacterial factors that act in a coordinated and multi-functional manner to subvert nutritional- and other sources of host innate immunity during NTHi airway infection

Video-analysis in health sciences: a simulation experience in the clinical interview in physical therapy

Las tecnologías posibilitan la supresión de las barreras espaciales y temporales que la educación superior ha sufrido por la actual pandemia COVID-19, aportando nuevos escenarios educativos. El vídeo-análisisabre una ventana para la evaluación en la enseñanza clínica en Ciencias de la Salud. El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar la viabilidad del vídeo-análisis para analizar habilidades en la entrevista clínica en fisioterapia. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio con análisis de video y lista de cotejo en estudiantes de primer año .Gracias a los videos recopilados, se determinó que los alumnos analizados tienen mejor desarrolladas las habilidades relacionadas con realizar preguntas apropiadas en la entrevista, mientras que por el contrario existen más dificultades en las habilidades de saber escuchar. Los resultados muestran que el video-análisis es una herramienta práctica y válida para analizar tareas en entornos de simulación en ciencias de la salud, como ha sidoen esta actividad de entrevista clínica. Esta nueva forma de evaluación docente, además de aportar datos cuantificables, supone una nueva forma de justificar al alumno sus errores y aciertos durante la prueba, permitiendo establecer un potencial feedback para mejorar en sus habilidades clínicas. Así mismo, la posibilidad de evaluarse con un paciente simulado supone un acercamiento a la realidad profesional a la que se deben enfrentar una vez egresadosTechnologies make it possible to remove the spatial and temporal barriers that higher education has suffered due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, due to provide new educational scenarios. Video-analysis opens a window for evaluation in clinical teaching in Health Sciences. The objective of this research is to study the feasibility of video-analysis to analyze skills in the clinical interview in physiotherapy. An exploratory study with video analysis and checklist was conducted on first-year students. Thanks to the videos collected, it was determined that the students analyzed have better developed skills related to asking appropriate questions in the interview, while on the contrary there are more difficulties in listening skills. The results show that video-analysis is a practical and valid tool to analyze tasks in simulation environments in health sciences, as it has been in this clinical interview activity. Moreover, this innovative kind of evaluation provides quantifiable data, it is also a new way of justifying the student's mistakes and successes during the test, allowing them to establish potential feedback to improve their clinical skills. Likewise, the possibility of being evaluated with a simulated patient supposes an approach to the professional reality that they must face once they graduate.Fisioterapi

Implementación y verificación de un enlace todo-óptico de banda ancha mediante fibras especiales en la última milla

A greenfield installation of an all-optical system that adjusts to the in force regulation in one-family housings is developed. The reproduction of the final section of the access network, it offers a spatial and descriptive vision of the configuration FTTH. The implantation in the last mile of the special fibers AllWave FLEX ZWP and AllWave Zero Water Peak (ZWP) with the external coating of B3CABLE SOLUTIONS is a highly satisfactory solution. The profile G.652 constitutes a notable solution for the distribution networks whereas the insensitive fiber to curvatures is positioned as suitable solution for the most demanding assaults from the physical point of view

Pérdidas en curvaturas del estándar de fibra óptica g-657 para su implantación en la última milla

The solutions based on FTTx are in continuous expansion, parallel to their associate problematic. Due to the lack of a mathematical trustworthy model who predicts the bend losses of an optical fiber in conjunction with climatic fluctuations, in this work the characterization of special fibers for their implantation in the last mile of an hypothetical broad band system is presented; characterization that returns in essentially to guarantee his suitability in a certain environment and subject to variations. The fiber tested supports perfectly the most aggressive tests with real applicability against his structure, without exceeding the limits of the manufacturer and this way one concludes his suitability for this intention

Modulation of Haemophilus influenzae interaction with hydrophobic molecules by the VacJ/MlaA lipoprotein impacts strongly on its interplay with the airways.

Airway infection by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) associates to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation and asthma neutrophilic airway inflammation. Lipids are key inflammatory mediators in these disease conditions and consequently, NTHi may encounter free fatty acids during airway persistence. However, molecular information on the interplay NTHi-free fatty acids is limited, and we lack evidence on the importance of such interaction to infection. Maintenance of the outer membrane lipid asymmetry may play an essential role in NTHi barrier function and interaction with hydrophobic molecules. VacJ/MlaA-MlaBCDEF prevents phospholipid accumulation at the bacterial surface, being the only system involved in maintaining membrane asymmetry identified in NTHi. We assessed the relationship among the NTHi VacJ/MlaA outer membrane lipoprotein, bacterial and exogenous fatty acids, and respiratory infection. The vacJ/mlaA gene inactivation increased NTHi fatty acid and phospholipid global content and fatty acyl specific species, which in turn increased bacterial susceptibility to hydrophobic antimicrobials, decreased NTHi epithelial infection, and increased clearance during pulmonary infection in mice with both normal lung function and emphysema, maybe related to their shared lung fatty acid profiles. Altogether, we provide evidence for VacJ/MlaA as a key bacterial factor modulating NTHi survival at the human airway upon exposure to hydrophobic molecules

Antagonistic pleiotropy in the bifunctional surface protein FadL (OmpP1) during adaptation of Haemophilus influenzae to chronic lung infection associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Tracking bacterial evolution during chronic infection provides insights into how host selection pressures shape bacterial genomes. The human-restricted opportunistic pathogen nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) infects the lower airways of patients suffering chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and contributes to disease progression. To identify bacterial genetic variation associated with bacterial adaptation to the COPD lung, we sequenced the genomes of 92 isolates collected from the sputum of 13 COPD patients over 1 to 9years. Individuals were colonized by distinct clonal types (CTs) over time, but the same CT was often reisolated at a later time or found in different patients. Although genomes from the same CT were nearly identical, intra-CT variation due to mutation and recombination occurred. Recurrent mutations in several genes were likely involved in COPD lung adaptation. Notably, nearly a third of CTs were polymorphic for null alleles of ompP1 (also called fadL), which encodes a bifunctional membrane protein that both binds the human carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (hCEACAM1) receptor and imports long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). Our computational studies provide plausible three-dimensional models for FadL's interaction with hCEACAM1 and LCFA binding. We show that recurrent fadL mutations are likely a case of antagonistic pleiotropy, since loss of FadL reduces NTHi's ability to infect epithelia but also increases its resistance to bactericidal LCFAs enriched within the COPD lung. Supporting this interpretation, truncated fadL alleles are common in publicly available NTHi genomes isolated from the lower airway tract but rare in others. These results shed light on molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathoadaptation and guide future research toward developing novel COPD therapeutics.IMPORTANCE Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is an important pathogen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To elucidate the bacterial pathways undergoing in vivo evolutionary adaptation, we compared bacterial genomes collected over time from 13 COPD patients and identified recurrent genetic changes arising in independent bacterial lineages colonizing different patients. Besides finding changes in phase-variable genes, we found recurrent loss-of-function mutations in the ompP1 (fadL) gene. We show that loss of OmpP1/FadL function reduces this bacterium's ability to infect cells via the hCEACAM1 epithelial receptor but also increases its resistance to bactericidal fatty acids enriched within the COPD lung, suggesting a case of antagonistic pleiotropy that restricts DeltafadL strains' niche. These results show how H. influenzae adapts to host-generated inflammatory mediators in the COPD airways

Coupled C, H, N, S and Fe biogeochemical cycles operating in the continental deep subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

Microbial activity is a major contributor to the biogeochemical cycles that make up the life support system of planet Earth. A 613 m deep geomicrobiological perforation and a systematic multi-analytical characterization revealed an unexpected diversity associated with the rock matrix microbiome that operates in the subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). Members of 1 class and 16 genera were deemed the most representative microorganisms of the IPB deep subsurface and selected for a deeper analysis. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization allowed not only the identification of microorganisms but also the detection of novel activities in the subsurface such as anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) and anaerobic methane oxidation, the co-occurrence of microorganisms able to maintain complementary metabolic activities and the existence of biofilms. The use of enrichment cultures sensed the presence of five different complementary metabolic activities along the length of the borehole and isolated 29 bacterial species. Genomic analysis of nine isolates identified the genes involved in the complete operation of the light-independent coupled C, H, N, S and Fe biogeochemical cycles. This study revealed the importance of nitrate reduction microorganisms in the oxidation of iron in the anoxic conditions existing in the subsurface of the IPBFP7 Ideas: European Research Council, Grant/Award Number: ERC Advanced Grant #250-35