Abordagens multivariadas aplicadas em dados de sistemas de transportes

Esta tese tem por objetivo a proposição de métodos apoiados em ferramentas multivariadas voltados à seleção de variáveis para clusterização e classificação de dados dentro de sistemas de transporte (corredores prioritários de ônibus, conflitos de trânsito e acidentes de trânsito). Para tanto, ela é sustentada por três artigos. O artigo 1 propôs uma nova estrutura para identificar as variáveis mais informativas para agrupar corredores prioritários de ônibus de acordo com suas similaridades (aspectos de sistemas, físicos e operacionais). No artigo 2, conflitos de tráfego foram agrupados usando o self-organizing maps (SOM) com base em perfis e características semelhantes que contribuem para a ocorrência de conflitos de tráfego; fim a melhorar a qualidade dos grupos formados, foi desenvolvido um novo índice de importância de variável baseado nos resultados do nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA). No artigo 3, foram analisados acidentes de trânsito nas áreas rurais e urbanas do Brasil (BR) e da Grã-Bretanha (GB) ocorridos em 2018, com o objetivo de identificar as variáveis mais relevantes para a classificação de acidentes de trânsito em fatais e não fatais. Desta forma, esta tese forneceu contribuições teóricas e práticas. Foram propostas abordagens inéditas, na área de análise multivariada de dados, como um (i) novo índice para mensurar a qualidade da clusterização, e (iii) um novo índice de importância de variáveis baseado nos resultados do NLPCA. Ainda, dentro da área de segurança viária, foi proposto um (iii) método de seleção de variáveis para classificar acidentes fatais e não-fatais (análise similar não foi encontrada na literatura). Em termos práticos, pesquisadores e profissionais podem se beneficiar das proposições desta tese para (i) projetar estratégias de atendimento de corredores prioritários de ônibus, em diferentes cidades ao redor no mundo, com base nas suas características mais relevantes, (ii) gerenciar as condições dos conflitos de trânsito mais suscetíveis a ocorrência de acidentes, e (iii) desenvolver políticas de redução de acidentes com base nas variáveis mais relevantes para discriminar acidentes de trânsito fatais e não-fatais.This thesis aimed to proposed methods supported by multivariate tools that integrate a variable selection with clustering and classification within transportation systems (priority bus corridors, traffic conflicts, and road accidents). For this, this research is supported on three papers. Paper 1 proposed a novel framework to identify the most informative variables for clustering bus priority corridors according to their similarities (system, physical, and operational aspects). Paper 2 developed a framework for grouping traffic conflicts relying on similar profiles and factors that contribute to conflict occurrence using self-organizing maps (SOM). In order to improve the quality of the formed groups, we developed a novel variable importance index relying on the outputs of the nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA). Paper 3 aimed to identify the most relevant variables for the classification of road accidents as fatal and nonfatal; for that matter, data reporting accidents in rural and urban areas of Brazil (BR) and Great Britain (GB) in 2018 were analyzed. Thus, this thesis provided theoretical and practical contributions. New approaches were proposed, in the area of multivariate data analysis, as an (i) index to measure the quality of clustering and a (iii) new variable importance index based on the outputs of the NLPCA. Also, within the area of road safety, a (iii) variable selection method was proposed to classify fatal and non-fatal accidents (similar analysis was not found in the literature). Besides, researchers and professionals can benefit from the results of this thesis. For example, to (i) design service strategies for priority bus corridors, in different cities around the world, based on their most relevant variables; (ii) manage the conditions of traffic conflicts that are more susceptible to accidents; and, (iii) develop accident reduction policies based on the most relevant variables to discriminate btween fatal and non-fatal road accidents

Public transport COVID-19-safe : new barriers and policies to implement effective countermeasures under user’s safety perspective

The COVID-19 emergency forced cities worldwide to adopt measures to restrict travel and implement new urban public transport solutions. The discontinuity and reduction of services made users recognize public transport systems as contamination vectors, and the decrease in the number of passengers can already be seen in several places. Thus, this study assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban public transport. We used hybrid choice models (HCMs) to identify the new barriers and potential solutions to increase users’ perception of safety, considering preexistent perceptions of public transportation quality. We used data from an online survey with users of public transportation in a metropolitan area in southern Brazil. We identified that the main barriers to using public transport during virus transmission are related to the system characteristics that force constant interaction with other passengers. Crowded vehicles and crowded stops/stations were considered the most detrimental factor in feeling safe while riding in the COVID-19 outbreak. Countermeasures that reduce the contact with other passengers—directly (limit the number of passengers in vehicles) or indirectly (operate with large vehicles)—and increase offers are possible solutions to make users feel safe while riding. The results of this research might help reduce passenger evasion and migration to more unsustainable transport modes

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Paleogenomic insights into the red complex bacteria <i>Tannerella forsythia</i> in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial individuals from Mexico

The ‘red complex’ is an aggregate of three oral bacteria (Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola) responsible for severe clinical manifestation of periodontal disease. Here, we report the first direct evidence of ancient T. forsythia DNA in dentin and dental calculus samples from archaeological skeletal remains that span from the Pre-Hispanic to the Colonial period in Mexico. We recovered twelve partial ancient T. forsythia genomes and observed a distinct phylogenetic placement of samples, suggesting that the strains present in Pre-Hispanic individuals likely arrived with the first human migrations to the Americas and that new strains were introduced with the arrival of European and African populations in the sixteenth century. We also identified instances of the differential presence of genes between periods in the T. forsythia ancient genomes, with certain genes present in Pre-Hispanic individuals and absent in Colonial individuals, and vice versa. This study highlights the potential for studying ancient T. forsythia genomes to unveil past social interactions through analysis of disease transmission. Our results illustrate the long-standing relationship between this oral pathogen and its human host, while also unveiling key evidence to understand its evolutionary history in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Mexico. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules'

Mis casos Clínicos de Odontopediatría y Ortodoncia

Libro que conjunta casos en el área de Odontopediatría y OrtodonciaEs para los integrantes de la Red de Investigación en Estomatología (RIE) una enorme alegría presentar el tercer libro del 2021, sobre casos clínicos, revisiones de la literatura e investigaciones. La RIE está integrada por cuerpos académicos de la UAEH, UAEM, UAC y UdeG

AMAZONIA CAMTRAP: A data set of mammal, bird, and reptile species recorded with camera traps in the Amazon forest

The Amazon forest has the highest biodiversity on Earth. However, information on Amazonian vertebrate diversity is still deficient and scattered across the published, peer-reviewed, and gray literature and in unpublished raw data. Camera traps are an effective non-invasive method of surveying vertebrates, applicable to different scales of time and space. In this study, we organized and standardized camera trap records from different Amazon regions to compile the most extensive data set of inventories of mammal, bird, and reptile species ever assembled for the area. The complete data set comprises 154,123 records of 317 species (185 birds, 119 mammals, and 13 reptiles) gathered from surveys from the Amazonian portion of eight countries (Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela). The most frequently recorded species per taxa were: mammals: Cuniculus paca (11,907 records); birds: Pauxi tuberosa (3713 records); and reptiles: Tupinambis teguixin (716 records). The information detailed in this data paper opens up opportunities for new ecological studies at different spatial and temporal scales, allowing for a more accurate evaluation of the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change, and other human-mediated defaunation processes in one of the most important and threatened tropical environments in the world. The data set is not copyright restricted; please cite this data paper when using its data in publications and we also request that researchers and educators inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data