Spatial simulation op Claviceps gigantea (fuentes, of the isla, ullstrup and rodríguez) in the STATE OF MEXICO

SE LOGRO DETERMINAR LA DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL EN EL TIEMPO DE claviceps gigantea EN MAÍZ MEDIANTE SIMULACIÓN ESPACIAL EN EL ESTADO DE MÉXICO.The cultivation of corn in Mexico is one of the most important highlighting the High Valleys of Mexico, in this region the main problem of cultivation are diseases, mainly those that cause ear rot which decreases yield and represents large economic losses. One of these diseases is caused by the fungus Claviceps gigantea which is commonly known as horsetooth. This disease can invade the whole cob, preventing the formation of grain. In recent years, climatic conditions have favored the proliferation of this fungus in farms cultivated with corn Zea mays L. The present work was carried out in plots of one hectare of five municipalities of the State of Mexico, with the natural incidence of the fungus during three growing cycles (2013-2015) using geostatistical techniques and performing the conditioned and unconditioned simulation process to predict the spatial behavior of the disease over time. The results show that the simulation techniques used to predict the behavior of Claviceps gigantea are an effective tool to prevent the infestations produced by this fungus. This type of study aims to help the development of integrated management programs

The New Methodologies for Learning how to Teach a Foreign Language by Using Virtual Tools

This final report focuses in an online specialization course, developed from August, 2021, to February, 2022. This was the first experience that the Department of Foreign Languages had offering this innovating course. It served as a new modality that students could take as a substitute for the classic graduation work. In the new plan, students learned about how to apply technological strategies and how to exploit other tools that nowadays the technology offers us to be updated. One important thing is that the course was developed online by professors who were very capable to contribute to students´ learning and at the same time to prepare them to deal the technological and professional environment which have become so popular after the coronavirus pandemic. The experiences, main activities and principal course achievements are detailed in the present report. Key Words: Virtual Classroom ; Language Learning Theories ; Language Learning Strategy (LLS) ; Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Asynchronous and Synchronous Communicative

SISTEMA DE MONITOREO PARA UN EQUIPO DE ESTUDIOS DE TIEMPOS Y MOVIMIENTOS

ResumenLos laboratorios de Ingeniería Industrial de la UAM-Azcapotzalco cuentan con equipos que sirven como apoyo para la enseñanza de asignaturas relacionadas con el estudio y mejoramiento de la productividad de procesos industriales. En este artículo se describe el diseño y construcción de un sistema que permite desplegar en una pantalla información asociada al desarrollo de experimentos relacionados con el estudio de tiempos y movimientos. El prototipo construido obtiene información del equipo encargado de controlar la secuencia de operación del sistema didáctico. A partir de estos datos se despliegan diversas pantallas que permiten a los operadores conocer información de las principales variables asociadas al ejercicio como son: modo de operación, tiempos de ciclo, tiempos por estación, número de piezas elaboradas, etc. El sistema basa su funcionamiento en una computadora embebida Raspberry, el intercambio de información entre ésta y el Controlador Lógico Programable del equipo didáctico se realiza mediante el protocolo Modbus. Pruebas realizadas han demostrado una operación correcta del prototipo, mismo que se empezará a utilizar en el siguiente período lectivo.Palabras Claves: Controladores Lógicos Programables, Modbus IP, Monitoreo de la Producción, Raspberry, Sistema Andon. MONITORING SYSTEM FOR AN EQUIPMENT OF STUDY OF TIMES AND MOVEMENTSAbstractThe Industrial Engineering Laboratories of the UAM-Azcapotzalco have equipment that serves as support for the teaching of subjects related to the study and improvement of the productivity of industrial processes. This article describes the construction of a system to display on screen, information associated with the development of experiments related to time and motion studies. This prototype obtains information from the controller in charge of the sequence of operation of the teaching system. Based on these data, several screens are displayed that allow operators to know information about the main variables associated with the exercise such as: operation mode, cycle time, time per work station, number of elaborated pieces, etc. The system bases its operation on a Raspberry embedded computer, the exchange of information between it and the Programmable Logic Controller of the teaching equipment is done through the Modbus protocol. Tests carried out have shown a correct operation of the prototype, which will begin to be used in the next school period.Keywords: Andon System, Modbus IP, Production Monitoring, Programmable Logic Controller, Raspberry

TABLERO DIDÁCTICO PARA PRÁCTICAS CON CONTROLADORES LÓGICOS PROGRAMABLES

Una capacitación adecuada en la programación de Controladores Lógicos Programables (PLCs) implica contar con equipos didácticos que permitan simular procesos industriales. La versatilidad que tengan estos simuladores permitirá ejemplificar la mayor parte de las funciones que los controladores poseen. En este trabajo se describe el diseño y construcción de un tablero didáctico basado en el PLC S7-226 de Siemens. El equipo construido cuenta con 16 interruptores que permiten simular el estado de sensores e igual número de indicadores luminosos que pueden ser empleados para señalar el estado de las salidas de control. Se incluyeron en el equipo un módulo de entradas y salidas analógicas, un visualizador de textos y un adaptador Ethernet, elementos que permiten un manejo más profundo de las funciones del PLC. Para visualizar la utilidad del sistema, el artículo incluye una serie de ejemplos que  pueden ser implementados, mismos que involucran, comunicación con otros controladores, así como con sistemas de Interface Hombre Máquina (HMI)

Estimación física de la cámara magmática del volcán Ubinas y evolución del proceso eruptivo 2013-2015

El volcán Ubinas, considerado el más activo del Perú (Rivera et al., 2014); luego de cuatro años de inactividad volvió a entrar en erupción el día 01 de setiembre de 2013 con explosiones freáticas. Esta actividad se reinició durante los primeros días del mes de febrero de 2014, el cual alcanzo su máxima actividad en abril de 2014, registrándose la mayor explosión el día 19 de abril, luego de este periodo la actividad explosiva continuó hasta fines del 2015. A diferencia de las erupciones anteriores, en este nuevo proceso eruptivo, el trabajo de monitoreo permanente realizado por el Observatorio Vulcanológico del INGEMMET (OVI), permitió detectar los primeros signos claros de ascenso de magma (incremento de la sismicidad, altura de las emisiones de gases y ceniza, flujo de gas SO2, entre otros parámetros), hasta con 3 meses de antelación a la ocurrencia de la fase explosiva que se dio durante el mes de abril de 2014. El estudio de la intensa actividad sísmica registrada durante este proceso eruptivo, y en base al estudio de los productos emitidos fue posible estimar la profundidad de la cámara magmática y comprender el comportamiento del proceso eruptivo

Prevention and clinical management of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia: Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines from the national reference institute in maternal health of Peru

Introducción. En Perú, los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo son la segunda causa de mortalidad materna. Objetivo. La presente guía de práctica clínica basada en evidencias (GPC-BE) brinda recomendaciones para la prevención y tratamiento de la pre-eclampsia y eclampsia. Métodos. Se elaboró una GPC-BE adaptada mediante un proceso sistemático, riguroso y transparente con un grupo elaborador conformado por metodólogos y profesionales de la salud expertos en el manejo de la enfermedad. La guía cuenta con dieciséis preguntas clínicas y dieciséis recomendaciones. Se realizó la búsqueda y preselección de GPC, las mismas que fueron evaluadas mediante el instrumento “Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II” (AGREEII), para su adaptación. La búsqueda sistemática de evidencias para responder las preguntas clínicas se realizó en múltiples bases de datos: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE/Ovid, Cochrane Library, LILACS y SciELO. Las evidencias fueron seleccionadas y analizadas críticamente por pares clínicos y metodológicos; las recomendaciones fueron elaboradas mediante la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Resultados. Con la participación de un panel de expertos clínicos del Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, redes de salud y otras instituciones de referencia, se elaboraron 16 recomendaciones dirigidas a la prevención y tratamiento de mujeres gestantes en riesgo de pre-eclampsia, gestantes con pre-eclampsia, eclampsia o enfermedad hipertensiva. Conclusiones. Este artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica basada en evidencias para la prevención y tratamiento de pre-eclampsia y eclampsia en gestantes en el instituto de referencia nacional en salud materna y neonatal del Perú.Introduction. In Peru, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are the second cause of maternal mortality. Objective. This evidence-based clinical practice guideline (EB-CPG) provides recommendations for the prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Methods. An adapted EB-CPG was elaborated through a systematic, rigorous and transparent process with a group consisting of methodologists and health professionals who are experts in the management of the disease. The guide has sixteen clinical questions and sixteen recommendations. The search and pre-selection of EB-CPGs were performed, which were evaluated through the “Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II” tool (AGREE-II), for its adaptation. The systematic search for evidence to answer the 16 clinical questions were made in multiple databases: MEDLINE / PubMed, EMBASE / Ovid, Cochrane Library, LILACS and SciELO. Evidences were selected and analyzed critically by clinicians and methodologists in pairs, recommendations were elaborated through the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology (GRADE). Results. With the participation of a panel of clinical experts from the National Perinatal Maternal Institute, representatives from health care networks and other reference institutions, 16 recommendations were established for the prevention and treatment of pregnant women at risk of pre-eclampsia, for pregnant women with pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or hypertensive disease. Conclusions. This article summarizes the evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsia in peruvian pregnant women for the national reference institute for maternal and neonatal health of Peru

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8–13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05–6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50–75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life. Funding Pfizer, Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi–Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data