Architecture in the global tension of increasing cultural interaction

Nicht angegebenIn my dissertation project I contemplate architecture under anthropological perspectives in a world of rapid cultural transformation. I focus on the increasing demand to design for different cultural environments and the considerations necessary to meet these re-quirements. In this context I will introduce new approaches and guidelines that anthro-pology and cultural studies can supply to the design process. Our world is changing ever faster and in the last decades the term "globalization" has entered almost every contemporary debate in a variety of fields. Although present in some form in earlier phases of history, globalization in current discussion has gained a considerably different meaning. Rapidly increasing worldwide interaction through phe-nomena such as the media, migration or tourism forces almost every discipline and profession to reconsider and to react. Dealing with an ever more interdependent world urges us to finally integrate developing countries into global considerations, stopping the long lasting construction of Western elites leaving important developing tasks out on the margins. This requires new thinking in broader terms – also in the discipline of architecture. Contemporary architects have to face a world without certainties to base their work on. They are left in a terrain that is unknown to them and the results of their designs are as unsound as their orientation in a culturally unknown landscape. Long established design guidelines such as locality, place, climate and available building materials have to be reconsidered and placed into a wider context. So far the only reaction has been a worldwide confusion and the escape into an explosive variety of -isms and stiles. I sug-gest that there is only one certainty left in architecture nowadays: Architecture is de-signed for the people who live in it, work in it, and are represented through it. But who are these people who suddenly do not act in a particular place anymore, whose cultural heritage loosens and whose horizons are influenced by images from the other side of the world? How does an architect deal with the demanding task to build for cultures s/he is not familiar with and new „transformed cultures“ that haven’t even existed before? Culture has never been static. It has always been a process of adaptation that hap-pened throughout the evolution of mankind. It only changes faster now, more dramatic and under more pressured circumstances that don’t leave time for “adaptation” but can only be referred to as “transformation”. Architecture is a major tool to express culture, identity and the ideology of people. Architecture is a physical statement of anthropology. And it is the field of anthropology that has put more effort into cultural studies and the overall understanding of the human being than any other discipline. Throughout its existence, anthropology has developed research methodologies that have found useful application in a variety of subjects. Also architecture is too important to leave it to archi-tects alone. Anthropological methodology can provide a most helpful tool to the archi-tect, particularly in tracing the major wants and needs of the people the design is based on - and anthropology can thus provide a central theme to hold on to, no matter what style and expression the architect chooses. Throughout a theoretical cross-cultural-study I point out in a holistic approach that fail-ures and successes of building projects are strongly interwoven with anthropological issues. Based on this insight I worked out a scheme for an "anthropological pre-design study" (APD-Study) which is destined to be implemented especially in regions where a cultural approach is hard to capture, and which should be implemented prior to the start of a major building project. Ladakh is one significant example representative for various regions, where recent de-velopments have revolutionized the existing political, economic, social and spiritual structure of society – and therefore also the process of building. I argue that in develop-ing regions planning strategies still put an overemphasis on the utilitarian dimension, namely, on economic and technological advances, whereas it is overdue to put fresh emphasis on the cultural, aesthetic and spiritual dimension to gain basic acceptance among the people. There will never be a customs control on the transfer of ideas and ideals. But more important than idealized superior visions is the strong need to trace the actual requirements and the needs of the people in the growing complexity of societies. Architects and planners need to go back to the people as the focal point of all activities. However, this is a dimension which is much harder to capture than technical certainties, and the simple ”add-culture-and-stir”-approach has caused more trouble than good. The truth is that there is clearly a lack of theoretical precision and methodological consideration in the search for human demands on housing. In the following chapters I will illustrate that the field of anthropology, which has long defined the human being and culture as the cornerstones of its subject, is the discipline that can provide the architect and planner with the necessary methodological toolkit to survive in the complexity of this task. Highlighting this point through the example of La-dakh, I will demonstrate that with the help of anthropology it is possible to develop a scientific way to trace the manifold wants and needs people may have regarding their housing situation. The ambitious task to approach both disciplines, anthropology and architecture, imposes constraints as well as obligations. First of all it has to find a vo-cabulary which is available to all, and above this the work should address academics and practitioners alike. A common conceptual framework of the two disciplines is clear-ly important in order to gain more satisfactory results regarding the building process in developing countries. A new phenomenon to deal with is the enormous speed of the current transformation process which creates unknown problems in all spheres of life, housing being one of them. While formerly the question was: “What is the attitude towards the built environ-ment in this or that culture?” It now has to be: “How is the attitude towards the built en-vironment changing in this culture due to increasing transnational interaction?” Although theoretically a mutual process, the unilateral character of this interaction – or intervention - in many less-informed countries is best expressed by the use of the term ”westernization”, which signifies the mechanical imitation of a particular way of life, as a synonym for ”modernization”. The creation of new needs is a fundamental requirement for reformation, social change, intellectual shift and alike and thus it is a phenomenon which – to state it in a simplified version - promotes both materialism and individualism. Along with this comes a transformation of attitudes towards the house. Because of the tension between cultural homogenization and cultural heterogenization, architecture also has gained a new meaning as a symbol of identification. However – there is a thin line between the mere copying of the Western approach and the potential for a creative transformation that could highly enrich the architectural landscape. How should a planner and builder react to all these new expectations in architecture? Trying to trace the real wants and needs is not an easy task, since one will soon find out that there is considerable discrepancy in what people think, what they say and what the real issues are. It is not enough to find out what people want, but to understand, why they want it. During a two-month field research in Ladakh, I conducted an ”anthro-pological pre-design study” (APD-study) prior to a major housing project called ”Solar Town”. The purpose of my study, which I conducted in one of the already existing housing colonies around the capital Leh, was to gain a profound grasp of the people’s views regarding their housing situation, actual as well as ideal, and - based on that - to suggest planning guidelines for the new project. There is no global truth in how to approach the difficult task of dealing with the human being in its cultural, social, spiritual and ideological context. However, it is important to strongly enforce the attention paid to this matter in order to gain more adequate and sustainable planning results for building projects – for this seems certain: The amount of time invested is insignificant in comparison with the severe mistakes that can be prevented

Earth buildings – reintroducing an old technique for green cities

. It is widely believed that historic urban fabrics make an important contribution to foster identity and a sense of belonging for local people. To restore historic buildings, particular vernacular structures, is therefore an important contribution to achieve urban structures that deal with and respect local people with their particular way of living. One such historic element is earth construction, and in this case earth constructions of the central and eastern Europe region. Earth constructions turned out to be beneficiary for the micro climate, because of the material\u27s ability to balance between day and night temperatures. Earth constructions are also environmental friendly because the material is at the building site and it can be maintained easily. Besides, earth buildings and villages have a distinct character, which were developed over centuries. Finally, earth constructions could play an essential role in the process of making cities green, and therefore some techniques have to be developed to bring earth constructions to big cities and make them green and environmental friendly Unfortunately, earth constructions are declining and are used only in outlying regions. To understand this old technique, and to bring back the knowledge to local people as well as sensitize governments and stakeholders is essential to help fostering earth buildings,. This is the focus of the contribution, where earth constructions in Central and East Europe are focused on and first results will be presented

There or not there? A multidisciplinary review and research agenda on the impact of transparent barriers on human perception, action, and social behavior

Contains fulltext : 145066.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Through advances in production and treatment technologies, transparent glass has become an increasingly versatile material and a global hallmark of modern architecture. In the shape of invisible barriers, it defines spaces while simultaneously shaping their lighting, noise, and climate conditions. Despite these unique architectural qualities, little is known regarding the human experience with glass barriers. Is a material that has been described as being simultaneously there and not there from an architectural perspective, actually there and/or not there from perceptual, behavioral, and social points of view? In this article, we review systematic observations and experimental studies that explore the impact of transparent barriers on human cognition and action. In doing so, the importance of empirical and multidisciplinary approaches to inform the use of glass in contemporary architecture is highlighted and key questions for future inquiry are identified.17 p

Titanocenes in Olefin Polymerization: Sustainable Catalyst System or an Extinct Species?

Two novel silyl-bridged <i>C</i>₂-symmetric 2-methyl-4-aryl-7-methoxy-substituted bis-indenyl-based titanocene complexes with varied steric demand (<b>a</b>, 4-(3′,5′-dimethyl)­phenyl; <b>b</b>, 4-(3′,5′-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl)­phenyl) were synthesized, characterized, and examined in the coordination polymerization of propene. Both adapted ligand structures have proven their capability as precise catalysts in the formation of stereodefect- and regiodefect-free isotactic polypropylene. Several activation pathways to the catalytically active, cationic complexes were analyzed in terms of catalytic activity and stability, taking into account the influence of polymerization temperature, monomer concentration, polymerization time, and type of applied scavenger. The overall lowest activities were observed using the methylaluminoxane (MAO) activated catalyst. The two-step activation mechanism of in situ alkylation with an excess of triisobutylaluminum (TIBA) and subsequent addition of [Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] resulted in moderate productivities of the respective catalyst systems. However, the highest catalytic activities were observed when eliminating the in situ alkylation step by application of bis-methylated titanocenes in combination with [Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄]. The latter activation mechanism in combination with the sterically more encumbered ligand framework <b>b</b> results in the most productive titanium-based metallocene catalyst for the polymerization of propene to date, at least with respect to reasonable reaction times. The determined molecular weights of the produced polymers were significantly affected by the ligand structures <b>a</b> and <b>b</b> but were only negligibly influenced by the applied activation method. End-group analysis via ¹H NMR spectroscopy disclosed a chain release mechanism dominated by β-hydride elimination. In accordance with the observed accurate stereo- and regiocontrol mechanism, extraordinarily high melting transitions of up to 170 °C (ex reactor) underline the remarkable potential of these titanium-based catalyst systems in the polymerization of propene

Titanocenes in Olefin Polymerization: Sustainable Catalyst System or an Extinct Species?

Two novel silyl-bridged <i>C</i>₂-symmetric 2-methyl-4-aryl-7-methoxy-substituted bis-indenyl-based titanocene complexes with varied steric demand (<b>a</b>, 4-(3′,5′-dimethyl)­phenyl; <b>b</b>, 4-(3′,5′-di-<i>tert</i>-butyl)­phenyl) were synthesized, characterized, and examined in the coordination polymerization of propene. Both adapted ligand structures have proven their capability as precise catalysts in the formation of stereodefect- and regiodefect-free isotactic polypropylene. Several activation pathways to the catalytically active, cationic complexes were analyzed in terms of catalytic activity and stability, taking into account the influence of polymerization temperature, monomer concentration, polymerization time, and type of applied scavenger. The overall lowest activities were observed using the methylaluminoxane (MAO) activated catalyst. The two-step activation mechanism of in situ alkylation with an excess of triisobutylaluminum (TIBA) and subsequent addition of [Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] resulted in moderate productivities of the respective catalyst systems. However, the highest catalytic activities were observed when eliminating the in situ alkylation step by application of bis-methylated titanocenes in combination with [Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄]. The latter activation mechanism in combination with the sterically more encumbered ligand framework <b>b</b> results in the most productive titanium-based metallocene catalyst for the polymerization of propene to date, at least with respect to reasonable reaction times. The determined molecular weights of the produced polymers were significantly affected by the ligand structures <b>a</b> and <b>b</b> but were only negligibly influenced by the applied activation method. End-group analysis via ¹H NMR spectroscopy disclosed a chain release mechanism dominated by β-hydride elimination. In accordance with the observed accurate stereo- and regiocontrol mechanism, extraordinarily high melting transitions of up to 170 °C (ex reactor) underline the remarkable potential of these titanium-based catalyst systems in the polymerization of propene

Reactivity of an Acyclic Silylsilylene toward Ethylene: Migratory Insertion into the Si–Si Bond

The reaction of the only known room-temperature-stable, acyclic silylsilylene, Si­{NDipp­(SiMe₃)}­{Si­(SiMe₃)₃}, toward ethylene was investigated. A full conversion to the silirane product Si­{CH₂–CH₂}­{NDipp­(SiMe₃)}­{Si­(SiMe₃)₃} (<b>1</b>) was observed at ambient temperature. However, heating of the benzene solution under an ethylene atmosphere led to an exceptional Si–Si bond insertion to give the modified silirane Si­{CH₂–CH₂}­{NDipp­(SiMe₃)}­{CH₂–CH₂–Si­(SiMe₃)₃} (<b>2a</b>). With respect to the mechanism, an NMR experiment using C₂D₄ revealed this reaction to proceed via a migratory insertion of the coordinated ethylene of <b>1</b> into the Si–Si bond of the ligand framework and subsequent addition of a second ethylene molecule. Moreover, [4+1] cycloaddition with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene to give the corresponding silacyclopent-3-ene ring Si­{CH₂–CH₃CCCH₃–CH₂}­{NDipp­(SiMe₃)}­{Si­(SiMe₃)₃} (<b>3</b>) is reported. All structures were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis and ¹H, ¹³C, and ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy

Twist of a Silicon–Silicon Double Bond: Selective <i>Anti</i>-Addition of Hydrogen to an Iminodisilene

Hydrogenation of alkenes with CC bonds is a ubiquitous reaction in organic chemistry. However, this transformation remains unknown for heavier counterparts, disilenes with SiSi bonds. Here we report the isolation of (<i>Z</i>)-diiminodisilyldisilene <b>2</b> featuring a highly <i>trans</i>-bent and twisted structure and the longest silicon–silicon double bond reported to date. <i>In silico</i> studies suggested that the SiSi bond in <b>2</b> is described as very weak double donor–acceptor bond. We utilized the remarkable electronic and structural features of this product to achieve the first demonstration of hydrogen activation by a multiply bonded silicon compound under ambient conditions. Interestingly, NMR and X-ray analysis gave exclusively racemic (<i>RR</i>/<i>SS</i>)-1,2-disilane <b>3a</b>, indicating a stereospecific <i>trans</i>-hydrogenation of the SiSi bond. In-depth calculations revealed that in strong contrast to the reactivity of CC bonds, a concerted <i>anti</i>-addition pathway was favored due to the twisted structure of <b>2</b>

C–H Bond Activation by σ‑Bond Metathesis as a Versatile Route toward Highly Efficient Initiators for the Catalytic Precision Polymerization of Polar Monomers

Rare earth metals show high activities toward C–H bond activation of heteroaromatic substrates and even methane. In this work, we demonstrate the suitability of this synthetic approach to rare earth metallocenes and show the applicability of the resulting complexes as highly efficient initiators for rare earth metal-mediated group transfer polymerization. Bis­(cyclopentadienyl)­(4,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)­methyl lanthanide complexes exhibit unprecedented initiation rates for rare earth metal-mediated dialkyl vinylphosphonate polymerization and facilitate an efficient initiation for a broad scope of Michael acceptor-type monomers

Ligand Induced Steric Crowding in Rare Earth Metal-Mediated Group Transfer Polymerization of Vinylphosphonates: Does Enthalpy Matter?

This contribution presents the first rare earth metal-mediated group transfer polymerization of vinylphosphonates from substituted cyclopentadienyl rare earth catalysts. Several initiators with increased steric demand of the coordinated ligand sphere and decreased size of the catalytically active metal center are prepared using salt metathesis. The effects of the modifications on molecular mass, propagation rate, initiation delay, and molecular mass distribution are monitored via activity measurements using a normalization method for living polymerizations, and the correlation between steric crowding and activity is presented. Temperature-dependent kinetic analyses are performed for several methyl-, trimethylsilyl-, and tetramethyl­cyclo­pentadienyl-substituted complexes to determine the activation enthalpies Δ<i>H</i>^‡ and entropies Δ<i>S</i>^‡ according to the Eyring equation. For (C₅Me₄H)₃Ln complexes (Ln = Sm, Tb, Y), a change in the reaction enthalpy Δ<i>H</i>^‡ is observed compared to un- and monosubstituted compounds. The metal–monomer and metal–poly­(phosphonate ester) bond distances are found to be prolonged for the pentacoordinated intermediate

Ligand Induced Steric Crowding in Rare Earth Metal-Mediated Group Transfer Polymerization of Vinylphosphonates: Does Enthalpy Matter?

This contribution presents the first rare earth metal-mediated group transfer polymerization of vinylphosphonates from substituted cyclopentadienyl rare earth catalysts. Several initiators with increased steric demand of the coordinated ligand sphere and decreased size of the catalytically active metal center are prepared using salt metathesis. The effects of the modifications on molecular mass, propagation rate, initiation delay, and molecular mass distribution are monitored via activity measurements using a normalization method for living polymerizations, and the correlation between steric crowding and activity is presented. Temperature-dependent kinetic analyses are performed for several methyl-, trimethylsilyl-, and tetramethyl­cyclo­pentadienyl-substituted complexes to determine the activation enthalpies Δ<i>H</i>^‡ and entropies Δ<i>S</i>^‡ according to the Eyring equation. For (C₅Me₄H)₃Ln complexes (Ln = Sm, Tb, Y), a change in the reaction enthalpy Δ<i>H</i>^‡ is observed compared to un- and monosubstituted compounds. The metal–monomer and metal–poly­(phosphonate ester) bond distances are found to be prolonged for the pentacoordinated intermediate