208 research outputs found
Improved modelling of helium and tritium production for spallation targets
Reliable predictions of light charged particle production in spallation
reactions are important to correctly assess gas production in spallation
targets. In particular, the helium production yield is important for assessing
damage in the window separating the accelerator vacuum from a spallation
target, and tritium is a major contributor to the target radioactivity. Up to
now, the models available in the MCNPX transport code, including the widely
used default option Bertini-Dresner and the INCL4.2-ABLA combination of models,
were not able to correctly predict light charged particle yields. The work done
recently on both the intranuclear cascade model INCL4, in which cluster
emission through a coalescence process has been introduced, and on the
de-excitation model ABLA allows correcting these deficiencies. This paper shows
that the coalescence emission plays an important role in the tritium and
production and that the combination of the newly developed versions of the
codes, INCL4.5-ABLA07, now lead to good predictions of both helium and tritium
cross sections over a wide incident energy range. Comparisons with other
available models are also presented.Comment: 6 pages, 9 figure
Production of Neutron-rich Heavy Residues and the Freeze-out Temperature in the Fragmentation of Relativistic 238U Projectiles Determined by the Isospin Thermometer
Isotope yields of heavy residues produced in collisions of 238U with lead at
1AGeV show indications for a simultaneous break-up process. From the average
N-over-Z ratio of the final residues up to Z = 70, the average limiting
temperature of the break-up configuration at freeze out was determined to T
approximately 5 MeV using the isospin-thermometer method. Consequences for the
understanding of other phenomena in highly excited nuclear systems are
discussed.Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures, accepted by Nucl. Phys.
Systematic comparison of ISOLDE-SC yields with calculated in-target production rates
Recently, a series of dedicated inverse-kinematics experiments performed at
GSI, Darmstadt, has brought an important progress in our understanding of
proton and heavy-ion induced reactions at relativistic energies. The nuclear
reaction code ABRABLA that has been developed and benchmarked against the
results of these experiments has been used to calculate nuclide production
cross sections at different energies and with different targets and beams.
These calculations are used to estimate nuclide production rates by protons in
thick targets, taking into account the energy loss and the attenuation of the
proton beam in the target, as well as the low-energy fission induced by the
secondary neutrons. The results are compared to the yields of isotopes of
various elements obtained from different targets at CERN-ISOLDE with 600 MeV
protons, and the overall extraction efficiencies are deduced. The dependence of
these extraction efficiencies on the nuclide half-life is found to follow a
simple pattern in many different cases. A simple function is proposed to
parameterize this behavior in a way that quantifies the essential properties of
the extraction efficiency for the element and the target - ion-source system in
question.Comment: 46 pages, 49 figures, background information on
http://www-w2k.gsi.de/charms
Distribution of nuclides produced in the collision of 1 AGeV U-ions on p
PACSProduction cross sections and kinematical properties of the complete set of fission fragment residues from the reaction U(1 A.GeV)+p have been obtained. Isotopic distributions are measured for all elements from O(Z=8) to W(Z=74). Fission velocities and production cross sections are shown as a function of Z, the charge and N, the number of neutrons of the fragments. The very asymmetric pairs of fragments can be attributed to excited fissioning parent nuclei of charge Z, 8
Discovery and Cross-Section Measurement of Neutron-Rich Isotopes in the Element Range from Neodymium to Platinum at the FRS
With a new detector setup and the high-resolution performance of the fragment
separator FRS at GSI we discovered 57 new isotopes in the atomic number range
of 60: \nuc{159-161}{Nb}, \nuc{160-163}{Pm}, \nuc{163-166}Sm,
\nuc{167-168}{Eu}, \nuc{167-171}{Gd}, \nuc{169-171}{Tb}, \nuc{171-174}{Dy},
\nuc{173-176}{Ho}, \nuc{176-178}{Er}, \nuc{178-181}{Tm}, \nuc{183-185}{Yb},
\nuc{187-188}{Lu}, \nuc{191}{Hf}, \nuc{193-194}{Ta}, \nuc{196-197}{W},
\nuc{199-200}{Re}, \nuc{201-203}{Os}, \nuc{204-205}{Ir} and \nuc{206-209}{Pt}.
The new isotopes have been unambiguously identified in reactions with a
U beam impinging on a Be target at 1 GeV/u. The isotopic production
cross-section for the new isotopes have been measured and compared with
predictions of different model calculations. In general, the ABRABLA and COFRA
models agree better than a factor of two with the new data, whereas the
semiempirical EPAX model deviates much more. Projectile fragmentation is the
dominant reaction creating the new isotopes, whereas fission contributes
significantly only up to about the element holmium.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure
Isotopic Scaling of Heavy Projectile Residues from the collisions of 25 MeV/nucleon 86Kr with 124Sn, 112Sn and 64Ni, 58Ni
The scaling of the yields of heavy projectile residues from the reactions of
25 MeV/nucleon 86Kr projectiles with 124Sn,112Sn and 64Ni, 58Nitargets is
studied. Isotopically resolved yield distributions of projectile fragments in
the range Z=10-36 from these reaction pairs were measured with the MARS recoil
separator in the angular range 2.7-5.3 degrees. The velocities of the residues,
monotonically decreasing with Z down to Z~26-28, are employed to characterize
the excitation energy. The yield ratios R21(N,Z) for each pair of systems are
found to exhibit isotopic scaling (isoscaling), namely, an exponential
dependence on the fragment atomic number Z and neutron number N. The isoscaling
is found to occur in the residue Z range corresponding to the maximum observed
excitation energies. The corresponding isoscaling parameters are alpha=0.43 and
beta=-0.50 for the Kr+Sn system and alpha=0.27 and beta=-0.34 for the Kr+Ni
system. For the Kr+Sn system, for which the experimental angular acceptance
range lies inside the grazing angle, isoscaling was found to occur for Z<26 and
N<34. For heavier fragments from Kr+Sn, the parameters vary monotonically,
alpha decreasing with Z and beta increasing with N. This variation is found to
be related to the evolution towards isospin equilibration and, as such, it can
serve as a tracer of the N/Z equilibration process. The present heavy-residue
data extend the observation of isotopic scaling from the intermediate mass
fragment region to the heavy-residue region. Such high-resolution mass
spectrometric data can provide important information on the role of isospin in
peripheral and mid-peripheral collisions, complementary to that accessible from
modern large-acceptance multidetector devices.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Complex nuclear-structure phenomena revealed from the nuclide production in fragmentation reactions
Complex structural effects in the nuclide production from the projectile
fragmentation of 1 A GeV 238U nuclei in a titanium target are reported. The
structure seems to be insensitive to the excitation energy induced in the
reaction. This is in contrast to the prominent structural features found in
nuclear fission and in transfer reactions, which gradually disappear with
increasing excitation energy. Using the statistical model of nuclear reactions,
relations to structural effects in nuclear binding and in the nuclear level
density are demonstrated.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figures, background information on
http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kschmidt
Spallation reactions. A successful interplay between modeling and applications
The spallation reactions are a type of nuclear reaction which occur in space
by interaction of the cosmic rays with interstellar bodies. The first
spallation reactions induced with an accelerator took place in 1947 at the
Berkeley cyclotron (University of California) with 200 MeV deuterons and 400
MeV alpha beams. They highlighted the multiple emission of neutrons and charged
particles and the production of a large number of residual nuclei far different
from the target nuclei. The same year R. Serber describes the reaction in two
steps: a first and fast one with high-energy particle emission leading to an
excited remnant nucleus, and a second one, much slower, the de-excitation of
the remnant. In 2010 IAEA organized a worskhop to present the results of the
most widely used spallation codes within a benchmark of spallation models. If
one of the goals was to understand the deficiencies, if any, in each code, one
remarkable outcome points out the overall high-quality level of some models and
so the great improvements achieved since Serber. Particle transport codes can
then rely on such spallation models to treat the reactions between a light
particle and an atomic nucleus with energies spanning from few tens of MeV up
to some GeV. An overview of the spallation reactions modeling is presented in
order to point out the incomparable contribution of models based on basic
physics to numerous applications where such reactions occur. Validations or
benchmarks, which are necessary steps in the improvement process, are also
addressed, as well as the potential future domains of development. Spallation
reactions modeling is a representative case of continuous studies aiming at
understanding a reaction mechanism and which end up in a powerful tool.Comment: 59 pages, 54 figures, Revie
Measurement of the B0-anti-B0-Oscillation Frequency with Inclusive Dilepton Events
The - oscillation frequency has been measured with a sample of
23 million \B\bar B pairs collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II
asymmetric B Factory at SLAC. In this sample, we select events in which both B
mesons decay semileptonically and use the charge of the leptons to identify the
flavor of each B meson. A simultaneous fit to the decay time difference
distributions for opposite- and same-sign dilepton events gives ps.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, submitted to Physical Review Letter
Severe asthma: One disease and multiple definitions
Introduction: There is, so far, no universal definition of severe asthma. This definition usually relies on: number of exacerbations, inhaled therapy, need for oral corticosteroids, and respiratory function. The use of such parameters varies in the different definitions used. Thus, according to the parameters chosen, each patient may result in having severe asthma or not. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the choice of a specific definition of severe asthma can change the allocation of patients. Methods: Data collected from the Severe Asthma Network Italy (SANI) registry were analyzed. All the patients included were then reclassified according to the definitions of U-BIOPRED, NICE, WHO, ATS/ERS, GINA, ENFUMOSA, and TENOR. Results: 540 patients, were extracted from the SANI database. We observed that 462 (86%) met the ATS/ERS criteria as well as the GINA criteria, 259 (48%) the U-Biopred, 222 (41%) the NICE, 125 (23%) the WHO, 313 (58%) the Enfumosa, and 251 (46%) the TENOR criteria. The mean eosinophil value were similar in the ATS/ERS, U-Biopred, and Enfumosa (528, 532 and 516 cells/mcl), higher in WHO and Tenor (567 and 570 cells/mcl) and much higher in the NICE classification (624 cells/mcl). Lung function tests resulted similarly in all groups, with WHO (67%) and ATS/ERS-GINA (73%), respectively, showing the lower and upper mean FEV1 values. Conclusions: The present observations clearly evidence the heterogeneity in the distribution of patients when different definitions of severe asthma are used. However, the recent definition of severe asthma, provided by the GINA document, is similar to that indicated in 2014 by ATS/ERS, allowing mirror reclassification of the patients examined. This lack of homogeneity could complicate the access to biological therapies. The definition provided by the GINA document, which reflects what suggested by ATS/ERS, could partially overcome the problem
- …