Los delitos de competencia de la Corte Penal Internacional

The sign of Treaty of Rome undermine some paradigms of the traditional Criminal Law. The new view changes the temporality, the space and the scope of each country criminal law.La firma del Tratado de Roma, que crea por primera vez una Corte Penal Internacional de carácter permanente, socava algunas bases, principios y paradigmas que son propios del derecho Penal. Dicha premisa es sustentada con la exposición de los nuevos paradigmas que han cambiado los aspectos relativos a la temporalidad, al espacio y a los límites personales de aplicación de la ley penal en cada país

Derecho Penal internacional: entre garantismo y eficientismo

Modern criminal law conceived of its subject matter as not universal, marked by spatial, personal, and temporal limits. However, the current globalization of criminal law modifies such a paradigm: for instance, it is now understood that a part of criminal law is no longer limited, and that, instead, it is universal, not bound by space, and timeless. This article purports to find the philosophical foundations of the effort to create an International Criminal Law, by defining some international crimes; furthermore, it tries to understand where the Rome Statute fits in the tension between criminal guarantees and criminal efficiency, a tension currently experienced by criminal law.El derecho penal moderno se había basado en la caracterización del derecho penal como un conjunto normativo no universal, dotado de límites espaciales, personales y temporales. Sin embargo, la globalización actual del derecho penal modifica varios de los esquemas tradicionales: por ejemplo, empieza a entenderse que una parte del derecho penal deja de tener los límites que le son propios para pasar a un derecho penal universal, inespacial e intemporal. Este trabajo pretende conocer cuáles son los fundamentos filosóficos que permiten construir un Derecho Penal Internacional, a partir de la tipificación de unos delitos internacionales; además, busca entender la ubicación del Estatuto de Roma dentro de la tensión entre el garantismo y el eficientismo, experimentada por el derecho penal actual

Impacto y evaluación del riesgo en la deuda pensional contingente de Colombia

Este estudio esclarece los conceptos de deuda pública cierta, respecto a la deuda contingente e identifica su impacto en la sostenibilidad de las finanzas públicas del país. Los razonamientos que se hacen acerca de la sostenibilidad de la deuda es decir, si la deuda de un país puede ser otorgada sin una gran corrección futura en el balance de ingresos y gastos, se dirigen a determinar en qué momento es apropiado para un país refinanciar y sí una reestructuración de la deuda puede ser necesaria. En la parte siguiente se realiza un análisis sobre la incertidumbre alrededor de las proyecciones de la deuda y el servicio de la deuda, la cual se relaciona con los derechos contingentes, tales como los definidos con las garantías explícitas implícitas de la deuda de los pasivos pensionales contingentes. Bajo el enfoque de los derechos contingentes en un nivel agregado, se analizan los puntos de incertidumbre mencionados, estimando el riesgo de crédito del gobierno central en este caso (probabilidad de default), evaluando los costos potenciales de las transferencias y calculando el spread sobre la deuda pública. Posteriormente se examina la estructura y operación del sistema pensional colombiano en la actualidad, evaluando múltiples factores de riesgo que afectan el escenario del sistema colombiano de pensiones tanto en el presente como en el futuro. Finalmente, con base en una gama de alternativas técnicas de valoración del riesgo y su implementación para el escenario de la seguridad social se ilustra la problemática del riesgo que encierra la deuda pensional en Colombia proyectando variables clave como: el salario, las cotizaciones, el empleo y el PIB. Con base en dichas proyecciones, se analiza el costo fiscal y la viabilidad de la garantía de pensión mínima.This study clarifies, the concepts of certain national debt with respect to the contingent debt as well as it identifies his impact in the sustainability of the public finances of the country. The reasoning that become about the sustainability of the debt, that is to say, if the debt of a country can be granted without a great future correction in the balance of income and expenses, go to determine in what moment a country is appropriate to refinance and when a reconstruction of the debt can be necessary. In the following pan, an analysis is made on the uncertainty around the projections of the debt and the service of the debt, which is related to the contingent rights, such as the defined ones with the explicit or implicit guarantees of the debt or the contingent pensionales liabilities. Under the approach of the contingent rights in a added level, the mentioned points of uncertainty are analyzed. We consider the risk of credit of the central government in this case (probability of default), evaluating the potential costs of the transferences and calculating spread on the national debt. Later it is examined the structure and operation del Colombian pensional system at the present time, evaluating multiple factors of risk that affect the scene as much of the Colombian system of pensions today as in the future. Finally, with base in a range of technical alternatives of valuation of the risk and its implementation for the scene of the social security the problematic one of the risk acquires knowledge that looks up the pensional debt in variable Colombia projecting key like: the wage, the quotations, the employment and the GDF. With base in these projections, one analyzes the fiscal cost and the viability of the guarantee of minimum pension

Fungal systematics and evolution : FUSE 2

The present study introduces two new genera, 14 new species, five new combinations and 12 interesting host and/or geographical records. A majority of the fungi are Ascomycetes, but the study also includes a Basidiomycete, Xerocomellus fulvus described from Pakistan. Under single name nomenclature Zeuctomorpha arecae is reduced to synonymy under Acroconidiellina arecae (Sympoventuriaceae, Venturiales, Dothideomycetes). Based on morphology and phylogenetic affinities, Wojnowicia dactylidis, W. lonicerae and W. spartii are moved to the genus Wojnowiciella (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) and Zalerion arboricola is now accommodated in Lophium (Mytilinidiaceae, Mytilinidiales, Dothideomycetes). Novel genera include: Alfariacladiella gen. nov. (Stachybotryaceae, Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes) with A. spartii sp. nov. as type species, and Calvolachnella gen. nov. (Chaetosphaeriales, Sordariomycetes) to accommodate Calvolachnella guaviyuensis comb. nov., previously included in Pseudolachnella. Novel species include: Castanediella hyalopenicillata from leaf litter (USA), C. malaysiana on Eucalyptus brassiana (Malaysia) (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes), Morchella pakistanica (Morchellaceae, Pezizales, Pezizomycetes) on loamy soil (Pakistan), Muriphaeosphaeria viburni (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) on twigs of Viburnum lantana (Serbia), Phyllosticta aucubae-japonicae (Phyllostictaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes) on fruit of Aucuba japonica (Japan), Wojnowiciella leptocarpi (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) on stems of Leptocarpus sp. (Australia), and Xylomelasma shoalensis (Sordariomycetes) on a dead branch (USA). New species from Germany include: Neosetophoma lunariae and Phaeosphaeria lunariae (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) on seeds of Lunaria annua, Patellaria quercus (Patellariaceae, Patellariales, Dothideomycetes) on twigs of Quercus sp., Rhinocladiella coryli on stems of Corylus avellana and Rhinocladiella quercus (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales, Eurotiomycetes) on twigs of Quercus robur. Ramularia eucalypti (Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes) is reported on leaves of Citrus maxima from Italy, Beltrania rhombica (Beltraniaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes) on leaves of Acacia sp. from Malaysia and Myrmecridium spartii (Myrmecridiaceae, Myrmecridiales, Sodariomycetes) on Sarothamnus scoparius from Serbia. New reports from Australia include: Dothiora ceratoniae (Dothideaceae, Dothideales, Dothideomycetes) on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Readeriella dimorphospora (Teratosphaeriaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetes) on Eucalyptus sp., Vermiculariopsiella dichapetali (Sordariomycetes) on leaves of Grevillea sp. and Acacia glaucoptera, and Verrucoconiothyrium nitidae (Montagnulaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideo mycetes), on leaves of Acacia leprosa var. graveolens. New reports from La Reunion (France) include: Botryosphaeria agaves (Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales, Dothideomycetes) on branches of Agave sp., Chrysofolia colombiana (Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes) on leaves of Syzygium jambos, Colletotrichum karstii (Glomerellaceae, Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes) on leaves of Acacia heterophylla, Epicoccum sorghinum (Didymellaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) on leaves of Paspalum sp. and Helminthosporium velutinum (Massarinaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) on branches of Stoebia sp. Finally, an epitype is designated for Tracylla aristata (Sordariomycetes) on Eucalyptus regnans (Australia).http://www.sydowia.at/syd62-1/syd62-1.htm2017-09-30am2017Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)GeneticsMicrobiology and Plant Patholog

Atypical pathogens in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A worldwide perspective

Background: Empirical antibiotic coverage for atypical pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has long been debated, mainly because of a lack of epidemiological data. We aimed to assess both testing for atypical pathogens and their prevalence in hospitalized patients with CAP worldwide, especially in relation with disease severity. Methods: A secondary analysis of the GLIMP database, an international, multicentre, point-prevalence study of adult patients admitted for CAP in 222 hospitals across 6 continents in 2015, was performed. The study evaluated frequency of testing for atypical pathogens, including L. pneumophila, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, and their prevalence. Risk factors for testing and prevalence for atypical pathogens were assessed through univariate analysis. Results: Among 3702 CAP patients 1250 (33.8%) underwent at least one test for atypical pathogens. Testing varies greatly among countries and its frequency was higher in Europe than elsewhere (46.0% vs. 12.7%, respectively, p < 0.0001). Detection of L. pneumophila urinary antigen was the most common test performed worldwide (32.0%). Patients with severe CAP were less likely to be tested for both atypical pathogens considered together (30.5% vs. 35.0%, p = 0.009) and specifically for legionellosis (28.3% vs. 33.5%, p = 0.003) than the rest of the population. Similarly, L. pneumophila testing was lower in ICU patients. At least one atypical pathogen was isolated in 62 patients (4.7%), including M. pneumoniae (26/251 patients, 10.3%), L. pneumophila (30/1186 patients, 2.5%), and C. pneumoniae (8/228 patients, 3.5%). Patients with CAP due to atypical pathogens were significantly younger, showed less cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic comorbidities in comparison to adult patients hospitalized due to non-atypical pathogen CAP. Conclusions: Testing for atypical pathogens in patients admitted for CAP in poorly standardized in real life and does not mirror atypical prevalence in different settings. Further evidence on the impact of atypical pathogens, expecially in the low-income countries, is needed to guidelines implementation

Ethnic group inequalities in coverage with reproductive, maternal and child health interventions:cross-sectional analyses of national surveys in 16 Latin American and Caribbean countries

Background Latin American and Caribbean populations include three main ethnic groups: indigenous people, people of African descent, and people of European descent. We investigated ethnic inequalities among these groups in population coverage with reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health interventions. Methods We analysed 16 standardised, nationally representative surveys carried out from 2004 to 2015 in Latin America and the Caribbean that provided information on ethnicity or a proxy indicator (household language or skin colour) and on coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health interventions. We selected four outcomes: coverage with modern contraception, antenatal care coverage (defined as four or more antenatal visits), and skilled attendants at birth for women aged 15-49 years; and coverage with three doses of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT3) vaccine among children aged 12-23 months. We classified women and children as indigenous, of African descent, or other ancestry (reference group) on the basis of their self-reported ethnicity or language. Mediating variables included wealth quintiles (based on household asset indices), woman's education, and urban-rural residence. We calculated crude and adjusted coverage ratios using Poisson regression. Findings Ethnic gaps in coverage varied substantially from country to country. In most countries, coverage with modern contraception (median coverage ratio 0.82, IQR 0.66-0.92), antenatal care (0.86, 0.75-0.94), and skilled birth attendants (0.75, 0.68-0.92) was lower among indigenous women than in the reference group. Only three countries (Nicaragua, Panama, and Paraguay) showed significant gaps in DPT3 coverage between the indigenous and the reference groups. The differences were attenuated but persisted after adjustment for wealth, education, and residence. Women and children of African descent showed similar coverage to the reference group in most countries. Interpretation The lower coverage levels for indigenous women are pervasive, and cannot be explained solely by differences in wealth, education, or residence. Interventions delivered at community level-such as vaccines-show less inequality than those requiring access to services, such as birth attendance. Regular monitoring of ethnic inequalities is essential to evaluate existing initiatives aimed at the inclusion of minorities and to plan effective multisectoral policies and programmes.Entidad financiadora: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Wellcome Trus

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries