Agreement or Chance: How Exact are tree markings in forest management?

Tree marking activities are usually assumed to follow textbooks and management plan guidelines. However, initial experiments starting in the 1990s have shown that there is much room for personal interpretation by field and operational staff. This study presents an analysis of tree selection variability among people selecting trees in marteloscopes as part of silvicultural training activities. The analysis has been done for two different thinning types, i.e. low and crown thinning, as well as for the selection of frame trees in twelve different forests in the United Kingdom. Two different methods have been used for assessing the agreement among participants, i.e. Fleiss’ kappa and a method based on the test statistic of the χ2 goodness-of-fit test. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to identify possible relationships between the aforementioned two agreement characteristics and the structural parameters of the forests. In general the agreement between test persons was low for all types of tree selection. Overall, the agreement was higher for low thinning exercises followed by the selection of frame trees and the marked frame-tree competitors in crown thinnings. Both agreement characteristics indicated that test persons tend to agree more when selecting trees for low thinnings and when selecting frame trees. There were no consistent patterns that suggest that the structure of the forest influences the level of agreement between test persons

Manifestaciones públicas de afecto por parte de personas del mismo sexo, análisis de casos concretos: sentencias de la Corte Constitucional colombiana T-268 de 2000 y T-909 de 2011

La Constitución Política de Colombia, consagra la dignidad humana, el libre desarrollo de la personalidad, la libertad individual y la igualdad, como derechos fundamentales, permitiendo a todos los colombianos y en especial a las minorías, desarrollarse libremente y materializar su plan de vida. Lo anterior cobra una importancia significativa ya que permite la concreción de planes vitales que difieren de las posturas mayoritarias, garantizando así, restricciones mínimas con un máximo de libertades. Para la elaboración de este escrito y la fundamentación teórica  de las expresiones públicas de afectos de personas homosexuales (entendiendo las demostraciones  de afecto y cariño como inherentes a la condición humana), se estudió la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional relacionada con el tema, en especial las sentencias   T-268 de 2000 y T-909 de 2011, llegando a concluir, que la homosexualidad y las derivaciones que atienden a esta opción de vida, están protegidas desde la constitución y  constituyen una opción legítima dentro del ordenamiento jurídico colombiano en razón a su nexo inescindible con los derechos fundamentales contemplados en la Carta Constitucional que en el comienzo de este acápite se refieren.The Constitution of Colombia enshrines human dignity, the free development of personality, individual freedom and equality, as fundamental rights, allowing all Colombians and especially minorities, to develop freely and materialize their life plan. The foregoing is important since it allows the realization of vital plans that differ from the majority positions, thus guaranteeing minimum restrictions with a maximum of freedoms. For the preparation of this writing and the theoretical foundation of the public expressions of affections of homosexual people (understanding the demonstrations of affection and affection as inherent to the human condition), the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court related to the subject was studied, especially judgments T-268 of 2000 and T-909 of 2011, concluding that homosexuality and the derivations that address this life option are protected from the Constitution and constitute a legitimate option within the Colombian legal system due to its inextricable link with the fundamental rights contemplated in the Constitutional Charter referred to at the beginning of this section

New records, range extensions and updated distribution of two gymnophthalmid lizards from the Caribbean Region, Colombia

In Colombia, detailed knowledge of the geographic distribution of gymnophthalmid lizards is scarce. This paper presents the first confirmed records of Leposoma rugiceps and provides additional records of Gymnophthalmus speciosus from Department of La Guajira, in the Colombian Caribbean Region. These records extend the geographical distribution of both species and support their wide distribution in the lowlands of north of Colombia. Furthermore, we provide an updated distribution map with known occurrences of these species in Colombia

Prostitución y saber médico: El Dispensario Antivenéreo como institucionalización de los saberes médicos para la regulación de la prostitución en Barranquilla 1940-1945

This article seeks to specifically analyze the importance of the Anti-Venereal Dispensary in the process of institutionalization of hygienic measures aimed at regulation of prostitution, to thus show that was one of the constant social and health problems within the city and at the same time its transformation as a recurring theme in medical thinking of the time.El presente artículo busca concretamente analizar la importancia del Dispensario Antivenéreo en el proceso de institucionalización de las medidas higiénicas encaminadas a una regulación de la prostitución, para así demostrar que esta fue una de las constantes problemáticas sociales y sanitarias dentro de la ciudad y a la vez su transformación como tema recurrente en la reflexión médica de la época

Towards understanding human tree selection behaviour

Understanding how humans select trees for professional and non-professional purposes is crucial to sustainable forest management. Since the mid 1990s data collection methods and experiments have been designed to measure human tree selection behaviour. This research fills the gap between natural sciences and psychology; it also constitutes citizen science at the same time. First results indicate that agreement between different test persons is comparatively low. Humans tend to behave conservatively when asked to select trees differently and disagreement increases in such situations. Our research has brought to light that manypeople have wrong perceptions about their tree selection styles and that their marking behaviour can differ markedly when selecting the same trees repeatedly. Research into human tree selection behaviour has great potential for novel, interdisciplinary studies

General method for prediction of thermal conductivity for well-characterized hydrocarbon mixtures and fuels up to extreme conditions using entropy scaling

A general and efficient technique is developed to predict the thermal conductivity of well-characterized hydrocarbon mixtures, rocket propellant (RP) fuels, and jet fuels up to high temperatures and high pressures (HTHP). The technique is based upon entropy scaling using the group contribution method coupled with the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state. The mixture number averaged molecular weight and hydrogen to carbon ratio are used to define a single pseudo-component to represent the compounds in a well-characterized hydrocarbon mixture or fuel. With these two input parameters, thermal conductivity predictions are less accurate when the mixture contains significant amounts of iso-alkanes, but the predictions improve when a single thermal conductivity data point at a reference condition is used to fit one model parameter. For eleven binary mixtures and three ternary mixtures at conditions from 288 to 360 K and up to 4,500 bar, thermal conductivities are predicted with mean absolute percent deviations (MAPDs) of 16.0 and 3.0% using the two-parameter and three-parameter models, respectively. Thermal conductivities are predicted for three RP fuels and three jet fuels at conditions from 293 to 598 K and up to 700 bar with MAPDs of 14.3 and 2.0% using the two-parameter and three-parameter models, respectively

Gestión del marketing para el emprendimiento social de empresa de Aromáticas con máquinas dispensadoras

La falta de oportunidades para las madres cabeza de familia es un problema a nivel mundial, que no solo genera desempleo, pobreza y problemas emocionales por la falta de recursos económicos para sostener sus familias, por tal razón proponer estrategias que ayuden a mitigar esta problemática son muy importantes para lograr mejorar la calidad de vida de estas mujeres y sus familias, por lo cual se proponer un proyecto de emprendimiento social para dar solución a problemáticas u oportunidades comunitarias. Este proyecto titulado “Proyecto de máquinas dispensadoras de aromáticas producidas en la comunidad”, tiene como objeto el mitigar la pobreza en la localidad de Engativá, logrando generar empleos a madres cabeza de hogar, logrando independencia económica, estabilidad laboral, y reduciendo la violencia intrafamiliar, obteniendo prácticas de consumo, responsable y cuidado del medio ambiente.The lack of opportunities for mothers who are heads of households is a problem worldwide, which not only generates unemployment, poverty and emotional problems due to the lack of economic resources to support their families, for this reason proposing strategies that help mitigate this problem are very important to improve the quality of life of these women and their families, for which a social entrepreneurship project is proposed to solve community problems or opportunities. This project entitled "Community-produced aromatic dispensing machines project" aims to alleviate poverty in the town of Engativá, managing to generate jobs for mothers who are heads of households, achieving economic independence, job stability, and reducing intrafamily violence, obtaining responsible consumption practices and care for the environment

Rentas y exigencias feudales en la tierra de Lemos durante la Baja Edad Media (siglos XIV y XV)

The present article seeks to carry out an analysis of the feudal income and requirements which are recorded in some documentation from the Later Middle Ages found in three monasteries situated in Tierra de Lemos: San Vicente de Pombeiro, Santa María de Ferreira and San Vicente del Pino (the two first ones are located in the council of Pantón and the third one in the council of Monforte de Lemos). Throughout this research, these feudal rights will be differentiated according to their origin: land property or domain, as well as, their common characteristics and their special features, which will be highlighted in connection with other parts of Galician geography during the same period.El presente artículo pretende elaborar un análisis de las rentas y exigencias feudales presentes en la documentación bajomedieval de tres monasterios ubicados en la Tierra de Lemos: San Vicente de Pombeiro, Santa María de Ferreira y San Vicente del Pino (los dos primeros localizados en el actual municipio de Pantón y el tercero en el de Monforte de Lemos). A lo largo de este estudio, se distinguirán dichos derechos feudales en virtud de su origen: la propiedad de la tierra o el señorío, así como se señalarán los rasgos comunes y los particularismos de los mismos respecto a otras áreas de la geografía gallega para el mismo periodo

Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020.

Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3–5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant’s success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited