543 research outputs found
Nonequilibrium corrections in the pressure tensor due to an energy flux
The physical interpretation of the nonequilibrium corrections in the pressure
tensor for radiation submitted to an energy flux obtained in some previous
works is revisited. Such pressure tensor is shown to describe a moving
equilibrium system but not a real nonequilibrium situation.Comment: 4 pages, REVTeX, Brief Report to appear in PRE Dec 9
Theory of Compton scattering by anisotropic electrons
Compton scattering plays an important role in various astrophysical objects
such as accreting black holes and neutron stars, pulsars, and relativistic
jets, clusters of galaxies as well as the early Universe. In most of the
calculations it is assumed that the electrons have isotropic angular
distribution in some frame. However, there are situations where the anisotropy
may be significant due to the bulk motions, or anisotropic cooling by
synchrotron radiation, or anisotropic source of seed soft photons. We develop
here an analytical theory of Compton scattering by anisotropic distribution of
electrons that can simplify significantly the calculations. Assuming that the
electron angular distribution can be represented by a second order polynomial
over cosine of some angle (dipole and quadrupole anisotropy), we integrate the
exact Klein-Nishina cross-section over the angles. Exact analytical and
approximate formulae valid for any photon and electron energies are derived for
the redistribution functions describing Compton scattering of photons with
arbitrary angular distribution by anisotropic electrons. The analytical
expressions for the corresponding photon scattering cross-section on such
electrons as well as the mean energy of scattered photons, its dispersion and
radiation pressure force are also derived. We applied the developed formalism
to the accurate calculations of the thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich
effects for arbitrary electron distributions.Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures, ApJ Supplement Series, in pres
Link between the laws of geometrical optics and the radiative transfer equation in media with a spatially varying refractive index
We proposed in a previous paper [Opt. Commun. 228, 33 (2003)] a modified
radiative transfer equation to describe radiative transfer in a medium with a
spatially varying refractive index. The present paper is devoted to the
demonstration that this equation perfectly works in the non-absorbing /
non-scattering limit, what was contested by L. Mart\'i-L\'opez and coworkers
[Opt. Commun. 266, 44 (2006)]. The assertion that this equation would imply a
zero divergence of the rays is also commented.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figure
Regulation of amino-acid metabolism controls flux to lipid accumulation in <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>
Yarrowia lipolytica is a promising microbial cell factory for the production of lipids to be used as fuels and chemicals, but there are few studies on regulation of its metabolism. Here we performed the first integrated data analysis of Y. lipolytica grown in carbon and nitrogen limited chemostat cultures. We first reconstructed a genome-scale metabolic model and used this for integrative analysis of multilevel omics data. Metabolite profiling and lipidomics was used to quantify the cellular physiology, while regulatory changes were measured using RNAseq. Analysis of the data showed that lipid accumulation in Y. lipolytica does not involve transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism but is associated with regulation of amino-acid biosynthesis, resulting in redirection of carbon flux during nitrogen limitation from amino acids to lipids. Lipid accumulation in Y. lipolytica at nitrogen limitation is similar to the overflow metabolism observed in many other microorganisms, e.g. ethanol production by Sacchromyces cerevisiae at nitrogen limitation
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Characterization of Neurospora crassa and Fusarium graminearum mutants defective in repeat-induced point mutation
Mutation of repetitive DNA by repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) is a process that occurs in many filamentous fungi of the Ascomycota during the sexual cycle. Concurrently, direct DNA repeats are often deleted by homologous recombination at high frequency during the sexual cycle. Thus, the processes of RIP and deletion compete to either mutate or remove repetitive DNA from the genome of filamentous fungi during sexual cycles. Both processes contribute to genome streamlining by controlling proliferation of transposable elements and by limiting expansion of gene families. While the genetic requirements for deletion by homologous recombination are well known, the mechanism behind the specific detection and mutation of repetitive DNA by RIP has yet to be elucidated as only a single gene essential for RIP, rid, has been identified.
We have developed Fusarium graminearum as a model organism for the study of RIP by showing that it mutates repetitive DNA frequently during the sexual cycle and that the mutations due to RIP are dependent on rid. Further, we have sequenced a genetic mapping strain of F. graminearum (00-676-2) and identified 62,310 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) compared to the reference strain (PH-1). The SNP map will be useful for quickly mapping new mutants by bulk segregant analysis and high-throughput sequencing for which bioinformatic tools were specifically developed. The groundwork has thus been laid for identification of novel RIP mutants in F. graminearum, which being homothallic has a major advantage for identification of recessive mutations.
We used a forward genetics approach to shed light on the mechanism of RIP in Neurospora crassa. Two rrr mutants that dominantly r̲educe R̲IP and r̲ecombination were characterized and identified as different mutated alleles of the same gene, rrr-1[superscript L496P] and rrr-1[superscript G325N] by bulk segregant analysis and high-throughput sequencing. Bioinformatic characterization suggests RRR-1 belongs to a previously uncharacterized group of dynamin-like proteins, which are generally involved in membrane fission and fusion. RRR-1-GFP localizes to the nuclear membrane, but not DNA, suggesting it affects RIP and recombination frequency indirectly by altering nuclear membrane dynamics during sexual development and thereby altering temporal aspects of RIP and recombination. We used a reverse genetics approach to determine whether high frequency RIP and homologous recombination of repetitive DNA during the sexual cycle are linked mechanistically or spatio-temporally. We tested strains where genes important for deletion by homologous recombination were knocked out and found all to be completely RIP competent except mre11, which, while sterile in homozygous deletion crosses, displayed lower RIP frequency in heterozygous crosses. This suggests that mre11 has roles in homologous recombination as well as non-homologous end joining may be important for RIP. Collectively, this work developed methods for efficiently mapping mutations and identified a novel protein that reduces RIP and recombination frequency but did not identify any mechanistic link between the two processes
Similarity Properties and Scaling Laws of Radiation Hydrodynamic Flows in Laboratory Astrophysics
The spectacular recent development of modern high-energy density laboratory
facilities which concentrate more and more energy in millimetric volumes allows
the astrophysical community to reproduce and to explore, in millimeter-scale
targets and during very short times, astrophysical phenomena where radiation
and matter are strongly coupled. The astrophysical relevance of these
experiments can be checked from the similarity properties and especially
scaling laws establishment, which constitutes the keystone of laboratory
astrophysics. From the radiating optically thin regime to the so-called
optically thick radiative pressure regime, we present in this paper, for the
first time, a complete analysis of the main radiating regimes that we
encountered in laboratory astrophysics with the same formalism based on the
Lie-group theory. The use of the Lie group method appears as systematic which
allows to construct easily and orderly the scaling laws of a given problem.
This powerful tool permits to unify the recent major advances on scaling laws
and to identify new similarity concepts that we discuss in this paper and which
opens important applications for the present and the future laboratory
astrophysics experiments. All these results enable to demonstrate theoretically
that astrophysical phenomena in such radiating regimes can be explored
experimentally thanks to powerful facilities. Consequently the results
presented here are a fundamental tool for the high-energy density laboratory
astrophysics community in order to quantify the astrophysics relevance and
justify laser experiments. Moreover, relying on the Lie-group theory, this
paper constitutes the starting point of any analysis of the self-similar
dynamics of radiating fluids.Comment: Astrophys. J. accepte
A photon transport problem with a time-dependent point source
We consider a time-dependent problem of photon transport in an interstellar cloud with a point photon source modeled by a Dirac δ functional. The existence of a unique distributional solution to this problem is established by using the theory of continuous semigroups of operators on locally convex spaces coupled with a constructive approach for producing spaces of generalized functions
A multigroup diffusion solver using pseudo transient continuation for a radiation-hydrodynamic code with patch-based AMR
We present a scheme to solve the nonlinear multigroup radiation diffusion
(MGD) equations. The method is incorporated into a massively parallel,
multidimensional, Eulerian radiation-hydrodynamic code with adaptive mesh
refinement (AMR). The patch-based AMR algorithm refines in both space and time
creating a hierarchy of levels, coarsest to finest. The physics modules are
time-advanced using operator splitting. On each level, separate level-solve
packages advance the modules. Our multigroup level-solve adapts an implicit
procedure which leads to a two-step iterative scheme that alternates between
elliptic solves for each group with intra-cell group coupling. For robustness,
we introduce pseudo transient continuation (PTC). We analyze the magnitude of
the PTC parameter to ensure positivity of the resulting linear system, diagonal
dominance and convergence of the two-step scheme. For AMR, a level defines a
subdomain for refinement. For diffusive processes such as MGD, the refined
level uses Dirichet boundary data at the coarse-fine interface and the data is
derived from the coarse level solution. After advancing on the fine level, an
additional procedure, the sync-solve (SS), is required in order to enforce
conservation. The MGD SS reduces to an elliptic solve on a combined grid for a
system of G equations, where G is the number of groups. We adapt the partial
temperature scheme for the SS; hence, we reuse the infrastructure developed for
scalar equations. Results are presented. (Abridged)Comment: 46 pages, 14 figures, accepted to JC
A Hybrid Godunov Method for Radiation Hydrodynamics
From a mathematical perspective, radiation hydrodynamics can be thought of as
a system of hyperbolic balance laws with dual multiscale behavior (multiscale
behavior associated with the hyperbolic wave speeds as well as multiscale
behavior associated with source term relaxation). With this outlook in mind,
this paper presents a hybrid Godunov method for one-dimensional radiation
hydrodynamics that is uniformly well behaved from the photon free streaming
(hyperbolic) limit through the weak equilibrium diffusion (parabolic) limit and
to the strong equilibrium diffusion (hyperbolic) limit. Moreover, one finds
that the technique preserves certain asymptotic limits. The method incorporates
a backward Euler upwinding scheme for the radiation energy density and flux as
well as a modified Godunov scheme for the material density, momentum density,
and energy density. The backward Euler upwinding scheme is first-order accurate
and uses an implicit HLLE flux function to temporally advance the radiation
components according to the material flow scale. The modified Godunov scheme is
second-order accurate and directly couples stiff source term effects to the
hyperbolic structure of the system of balance laws. This Godunov technique is
composed of a predictor step that is based on Duhamel's principle and a
corrector step that is based on Picard iteration. The Godunov scheme is
explicit on the material flow scale but is unsplit and fully couples matter and
radiation without invoking a diffusion-type approximation for radiation
hydrodynamics. This technique derives from earlier work by Miniati & Colella
2007. Numerical tests demonstrate that the method is stable, robust, and
accurate across various parameter regimes.Comment: accepted for publication in Journal of Computational Physics; 61
pages, 15 figures, 11 table
CASTRO: A New Compressible Astrophysical Solver. II. Gray Radiation Hydrodynamics
We describe the development of a flux-limited gray radiation solver for the
compressible astrophysics code, CASTRO. CASTRO uses an Eulerian grid with
block-structured adaptive mesh refinement based on a nested hierarchy of
logically-rectangular variable-sized grids with simultaneous refinement in both
space and time. The gray radiation solver is based on a mixed-frame formulation
of radiation hydrodynamics. In our approach, the system is split into two
parts, one part that couples the radiation and fluid in a hyperbolic subsystem,
and another parabolic part that evolves radiation diffusion and source-sink
terms. The hyperbolic subsystem is solved explicitly with a high-order Godunov
scheme, whereas the parabolic part is solved implicitly with a first-order
backward Euler method.Comment: accepted for publication in ApJS, high-resolution version available
at https://ccse.lbl.gov/Publications/wqzhang/castro2.pd
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