Factors that negatively affect the development of writing skill of 11th grade students at Dr. Carlos Vega Bolaños public school, in the second semester, 2013 class morning shift.

Writing is on essential part of the academic life. Students need to compose essays, write letter, take tests, etc. but mastering their skill is not easy, especially if students are learning to write in a second language such as English. Lagan (1987) and Gunning (1998) agreed that writing is difficult when they stated that writing is both more complex and more abstract than talk, it is evidently true that writing poses a number of problems to the students, as it is a skill that is difficult to master. It is believed that writing demands a great deal of skills and conventions such as writing readiness and grammatical rules for the students to become proficient and effective writers. Students need to pay attention to grammar, spelling, vocabulary, etc. which may devote students’attention from the content of what they went to express. In fact, students often feel frustrated when they attempt to write their ideas in English. We want to examine the cause of students frustration when carry out writing tasks. In order to do this, we will argue the importance of writing because it is a big part of every high scholar’s life. In fact, students need to write to their ideas, text their friends, write letters, but students need to improve writing skill and they have to take care of this, because is not just putting pen to paper or writing down ideas but it is how these ideas are presented or expressed effectively. This highly demanding process of writing requires a number of skills and conventions like organization in the development of ideas and information; a high degree of accuracy in choosing the right words so that there is no ambiguity of meaning and also the right use of complex grammatical devices to focus and emphasize ideas. Besides, writing demands the writer to have careful choice of vocabulary and understand grammatical patterns and to be able to write sentence structures that is appropriate to the subject matter. Secondly, focus our attention on English teachers because they too face great challenge to teach these skills and conventions as students may at times find them confusing and difficult to understand and write effective writing in English. And finally, it is important to pay attention to methodology and techniques that English teachers are taking in account when they plan the lesson, teachers need to have an effective methodology of developing a second language in our learners, because English teaching process is demanding and it requires an enormous dedication and sacrifice

Análisis de los costes portuarios: aplicación al caso de escala de un buque portacontenedores en el puerto de la Bahía de Cádiz

En un entorno con una creciente competencia marítima internacional, es clave conocer cuáles son los factores que empujan al cliente hacia la elección de un puerto u otro. Muchos de estos factores escapan al control de los gestores y de las empresas que ofertan sus servicios en el puerto, pero otros tantos si pueden ser controlados y gestionados para atraer clientes y tráfico. Entre estos factores, uno de los que cobra mayor relevancia son los costes de los servicios portuarios. En este trabajo nos centraremos en analizar cuáles son los costes de escala que asume una naviera al realizar una escala en un Puerto Español de Interés General, y realizaremos un análisis de caso de una escala de un buque portacontenedores en el Puerto de la Bahía de Cádiz.In an environment with an ever-growing international maritime competition, is essential to know which are the different factors that help the client decide which port to chose. Many of these factor are out of reach of the managers and the companies, which provide their services in said port, but many other factors can be controlled and managed in order to attract clients and maritime traffic. Amongst these factors, one of the most relevant is the cost of port services. This dissertation will be focussed on analysing which are the port of call costs that the shipping lines endures when it calls in a Spanish General Interest Port and analysing a specific case study of call of a container ship in the Port of Cádiz Bay

LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF BIOCRUDE FROM MICROALGAE: EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS AND PROCESS SIMULATIONS TO ASSESS ITS ECONOMIC VIABILITY

This Ph.D. project has been addressed to evaluate the potential of microalgal technology for biofuel production. Different steps of the process, as well as technologies and concepts have been analyzed experimentally and by process simulations in order to assess the sustainability of the production of biofuel from microalgae. An experimentation work on microalgae cultivation in untreated wastewaters is reported, including the selection of the optimal wastewater process stream, the nutrients removal efficiencies and the removal rates. Also, the effects of temperature, day/night irradiation and bacterial competition in steady-state biomass production are evaluated in order to integrate both technologies. Downstream processing has been investigated with respect to anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae biomass. The production of biogas is evaluated using whole and de-oiled microalgae, as a function of inoculum typology and biomass concentration, and the effect of the solvent used for oil extraction is tested. For HTL, the recovery and reuse of the water process is investigated, by recycling it into the HTL system, testing the effects of temperature and the number of recycles on the product yields. An energy analysis of the entire process, considering several process routes and conditions is presented to verify and optimize its energy profits with respect to EROEI, and eventually a process which is energetically self-sufficient is proposed. Finally a techno-economic analysis of a large-scale plant of biocrude is reported, where data from experimental results and process simulations are used to calculate the oil selling price to achieve revenues from the production of biofuel from microalgae

Requirement of Replication Checkpoint Protein Kinases Mec1/Rad53 for Postreplication Repair in Yeast

DNA lesions in the template strand block the replication fork. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, replication through DNA lesions occurs via a Rad6/Rad18-dependent pathway where lesions can be bypassed by the action of translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases η and ζ or by Rad5-mediated template switching. An alternative Rad6/Rad18-independent but Rad52-dependent template switching pathway can also restore the continuity of the replication fork. The Mec1/Rad53-dependent replication checkpoint plays a crucial role in the maintenance of stable and functional replication forks in yeast cells with DNA damage; however, it has remained unclear which of the lesion bypass processes requires the activation of replication checkpoint-mediated fork stabilization. Here we show that postreplication repair (PRR) of newly synthesized DNA in UV-damaged yeast cells is inhibited in the absence of Mec1 and Rad53 proteins. Since TLS remains functional in cells lacking these checkpoint kinases and since template switching by the Rad5 and Rad52 pathways provides the alternative means of lesion bypass and requires Mec1/Rad53, we infer that lesion bypass by the template switching pathways occurs in conjunction with the replication fork that has been stabilized at the lesion site by the action of Mec1/Rad53-mediated replication checkpoint

Integrated assessment model for the north-central stock of Peruvian anchoveta Engraulis ringens Jenyns

Se presenta un nuevo modelo integrado de evaluación para el stock norte-centro de la anchoveta peruana que permite reconstruir y hacer un seguimiento de la estructura de longitudes del stock desde un modelo basado en edades. El modelo fue calibrado usando estimados acústicos de biomasa y estructuras de tallas provenientes de cruceros científicos y de desembarques de la pesquería. Para la calibración se utilizó un algoritmo evolutivo con diferentes funciones de aptitud para cada variable calibrada (biomasas y capturas). Se presentan los estimados mensuales de biomasa total, biomasa desovante, reclutamiento y mortalidad por pesca obtenidos por el modelo de evaluación integrada para el periodo 1964-2008. Se encontraron tres periodos cualitativamente distintos en la dinámica de anchoveta, entre 1961-1971, 1971-1991 y 1991 al presente, que se distinguen tanto por las biomasas medias anuales como por los niveles de reclutamiento observado.ABSTRACT: A new integrated assessment model for the northern-central stock of Peruvian anchovy is presented, which allows the reconstruction and follow-up of the length structure of the stock using an underlying age structured model. The model was calibrated using acoustic estimates of biomass and length structure from scientific surveys and from the fishery landings. An evolutionary algorithm with different fitness functions for each variable was used for the calibration (biomass and yield). Monthly estimates of total biomass, spawning stock biomass and recruitment given by the model for 1964-2008 are presented. Three different periods in anchovy dynamics were recognized, between 1961-1971, 1971-1991 and 1991 to the present, with distinguishable mean annual biomasses and recruitment values.Boletín IMARPE vol.25, n°1-2, 2010, p. 49-5

Automated Diatom Classification (Part A): Handcrafted Feature Approaches

This article belongs to the Special Issue Automated Analysis and Identification of Phytoplankton Images[EN] This paper deals with automatic taxa identification based on machine learning methods. The aim is therefore to automatically classify diatoms, in terms of pattern recognition terminology. Diatoms are a kind of algae microorganism with high biodiversity at the species level, which are useful for water quality assessment. The most relevant features for diatom description and classification have been selected using an extensive dataset of 80 taxa with a minimum of 100 samples/taxon augmented to 300 samples/taxon. In addition to published morphological, statistical and textural descriptors, a new textural descriptor, Local Binary Patterns (LBP), to characterize the diatom’s valves, and a log Gabor implementation not tested before for this purpose are introduced in this paper. Results show an overall accuracy of 98.11% using bagging decision trees and combinations of descriptors. Finally, some phycological features of diatoms that are still difficult to integrate in computer systems are discussed for future workSIThe authors acknowledge financial support of the Spanish Government under the Aqualitas-retos project (Ref. CTM2014-51907-C2-2-R-MINECO), http://aqualitas-retos.es/en

Mixed microalgae culture for ammonium removal in the absence of phosphorus: Effect of phosphorus supplementation and process modeling

Microalgal growth and ammonium removal in a P-free medium have been studied in two batch photobioreactors seeded with a mixed microalgal culture and operated for 46 days. A significant amount of ammonium (106 mg NH4-Nl(-1)) was removed in a P-free medium, showing that microalgal growth and phosphorus uptake are independent processes. The ammonium removal rate decreased during the experiment, partly due to a decrease in the cellular phosphorus content. After a single phosphate addition in the medium of one of the reactors, intracellular phosphorus content of the corresponding microalgal culture rapidly increased, and so did the ammonium removal rate. These results show how the amount of phosphorus internally stored affects the ammonium removal rate. A mathematical model was proposed to reproduce these observations. The kinetic expression for microalgae growth includes a Monad term and a Hill's function to represent the effect of ammonium and stored polyphosphate concentrations, respectively. The proposed model accurately reproduced the experimental data (r=0.952, P-value <0.01).This research work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, Projects CTM2011-28595-C02-01/02 jointly with the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). They are both gratefully acknowledged.Ruiz Martinez, A.; Serralta Sevilla, J.; Paches Giner, MAV.; Seco Torrecillas, A.; Ferrer, J. (2014). Mixed microalgae culture for ammonium removal in the absence of phosphorus: Effect of phosphorus supplementation and process modeling. Process Biochemistry. 49(12):2249-2257. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2014.09.002S22492257491

Violencia familiar

Este libro reúne los pensamientos, las ideas, las propuestas y las experiencias en torno al tema de la violencia familiar de 20 autores sistémicos de habla hispana, entre ellos, algunos de los más reconocidos y destacados por sus contribuciones al paradigma en la posmodernidad. El contenido del texto, con los aportes de cada uno, ha sido cuidadosamente dispuesto por las editoras académicas, en una estructura que busca proporcionar a la complejidad del tema, un armonioso conjunto de los diferentes aspectos del fenómeno de la violencia

Replication fork reversal and the maintenance of genome stability

The progress of replication forks is often threatened in vivo, both by DNA damage and by proteins bound to the template. Blocked forks must somehow be restarted, and the original blockage cleared, in order to complete genome duplication, implying that blocked fork processing may be critical for genome stability. One possible pathway that might allow processing and restart of blocked forks, replication fork reversal, involves the unwinding of blocked forks to form four-stranded structures resembling Holliday junctions. This concept has gained increasing popularity recently based on the ability of such processing to explain many genetic observations, the detection of unwound fork structures in vivo and the identification of enzymes that have the capacity to catalyse fork regression in vitro. Here, we discuss the contexts in which fork regression might occur, the factors that may promote such a reaction and the possible roles of replication fork unwinding in normal DNA metabolism

Long-Term Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Ustekinumab in Crohn’s Disease Patients: The SUSTAIN Study

Background Large real-world-evidence studies are required to confirm the durability of response, effectiveness, and safety of ustekinumab in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients in real-world clinical practice. Methods A retrospective, multicentre study was conducted in Spain in patients with active CD who had received ≥1 intravenous dose of ustekinumab for ≥6 months. Primary outcome was ustekinumab retention rate; secondary outcomes were to identify predictive factors for drug retention, short-term remission (week 16), loss of response and predictive factors for short-term efficacy and loss of response, and ustekinumab safety. Results A total of 463 patients were included. Mean baseline Harvey-Bradshaw Index was 8.4. A total of 447 (96.5%) patients had received prior biologic therapy, 141 (30.5%) of whom had received ≥3 agents. In addition, 35.2% received concomitant immunosuppressants, and 47.1% had ≥1 abdominal surgery. At week 16, 56% had remission, 70% had response, and 26.1% required dose escalation or intensification; of these, 24.8% did not subsequently reduce dose. After a median follow-up of 15 months, 356 (77%) patients continued treatment. The incidence rate of ustekinumab discontinuation was 18% per patient-year of follow-up. Previous intestinal surgery and concomitant steroid treatment were associated with higher risk of ustekinumab discontinuation, while a maintenance schedule every 12 weeks had a lower risk; neither concomitant immunosuppressants nor the number of previous biologics were associated with ustekinumab discontinuation risk. Fifty adverse events were reported in 39 (8.4%) patients; 4 of them were severe (2 infections, 1 malignancy, and 1 fever). Conclusions Ustekinumab is effective and safe as short- and long-term treatment in a refractory cohort of CD patients in real-world clinical practice