APPLICATION OF A NEW TECHNICAL OF ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE VISUALIZATION AND ESTIMATION OF THE MICROFRACTURES IN OUTCROP SAMPLES

This work presents the development of a methodology to estimate microfractures density in rocks, using acoustic tomography technique. The piezoelectric crystals were used as transductors for the generation of the acoustic shear kind waves, through study cores. The propagation time of the wave is obtained using digital signal processing in MATLAB and finally the distances of each paths is obtained, thus the wave velocity values are stored in numerical arrays. The technique used in this work is to perform acoustic tomography in function of the shear wave velocity, where the rock matrix and microfractures are differentiated and analyzed from contrasts of velocities. The tomographic images are generated through rendering matrices of velocity in MATLAB. In order to validate this research was necessary to use synthetic cements plugs as controlled models, where the discontinuity was simulated through hollow inclusions made with rubber prototypes; finally the obtained results show a maximum of 7.06% of error, baseing the reliability of the generated technique.Este trabajo presenta el desarrollo de una metodología para estimar el volumen de microfracturamiento en rocas, utilizando la técnica de tomografía acústica. Se utilizaron cristales piezoeléctricos como transductores para la generación de ondas acústicas secundarias o de corte a través de muestras de estudio. El tiempo de propagación de la onda es obtenido utilizando tratamiento digital de señales en MATLAB y finalmente se obtiene las distancias de cada una de las trayectorias entre los cristales, de esta manera se almacenan los valores de velocidad de onda en arreglos numéricos matriciales. La técnica empleada en este trabajo consiste en realizar tomografía acústica en función de la velocidad de la onda de corte, donde se logra diferenciar la matriz y las microfracturas de las rocas analizadas, a partir del contraste de las velocidades. Las imágenes tomográficas se generan a través de la renderización de las matrices de velocidades en MATLAB. Para poder validar esta investigación fue necesario utilizar plugs sintéticos de concreto como modelos controlados, donde se simularon discontinuidades por medio de inclusiones huecas hechas con prototipos de cauchos; finalmente los resultados obtenidos, muestran un error máximo de 7.06 % fundamentando la confiabilidad de la técnica generada

APPLICATION OF A NEW TECHNICAL OF ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE VISUALIZATION AND ESTIMATION OF THE MICROFRACTURES IN OUTCROP SAMPLES

This work presents the development of a methodology to estimate microfractures density in rocks, using acoustic tomography technique. The piezoelectric crystals were used as transductors for the generation of the acoustic shear kind waves, through study cores. The propagation time of the wave is obtained using digital signal processing in MATLAB and finally the distances of each paths is obtained, thus the wave velocity values are stored in numerical arrays. The technique used in this work is to perform acoustic tomography in function of the shear wave velocity, where the rock matrix and microfractures are differentiated and analyzed from contrasts of velocities. The tomographic images are generated through rendering matrices of velocity in MATLAB. In order to validate this research was necessary to use synthetic cements plugs as controlled models, where the discontinuity was simulated through hollow inclusions made with rubber prototypes; finally the obtained results show a maximum of 7.06% of error, baseing the reliability of the generated technique.Este trabajo presenta el desarrollo de una metodología para estimar el volumen de microfracturamiento en rocas, utilizando la técnica de tomografía acústica. Se utilizaron cristales piezoeléctricos como transductores para la generación de ondas acústicas secundarias o de corte a través de muestras de estudio. El tiempo de propagación de la onda es obtenido utilizando tratamiento digital de señales en MATLAB y finalmente se obtiene las distancias de cada una de las trayectorias entre los cristales, de esta manera se almacenan los valores de velocidad de onda en arreglos numéricos matriciales. La técnica empleada en este trabajo consiste en realizar tomografía acústica en función de la velocidad de la onda de corte, donde se logra diferenciar la matriz y las microfracturas de las rocas analizadas, a partir del contraste de las velocidades. Las imágenes tomográficas se generan a través de la renderización de las matrices de velocidades en MATLAB. Para poder validar esta investigación fue necesario utilizar plugs sintéticos de concreto como modelos controlados, donde se simularon discontinuidades por medio de inclusiones huecas hechas con prototipos de cauchos; finalmente los resultados obtenidos, muestran un error máximo de 7.06 % fundamentando la confiabilidad de la técnica generada

A methodology for probabilistic assessment of solar thermal power plants yield

AIP Conference Proceedings 1850, 140006-1–140006-7A detailed knowledge of the solar resource is a critical point to perform an economic feasibility analysis of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants. This knowledge must include its magnitude (how much solar energy is available at an area of interest over a long time period), and its variability over time. In particular, DNI inter-annual variations may be large, increasing the return of investment risk in CSP plant projects. This risk is typically evaluated by means of the simulation of the energy delivered by the CSP plant during years with low solar irradiation, which are typically characterized by annual solar radiation datasets with high probability of exceedance of their annual DNI values. In this context, this paper proposes the use meteorological years representative of a given probability of exceedance of annual DNI in order to realistically assess the inter-annual variability of energy yields. The performance of this approach is evaluated in the location of Burns station (University of Oregon Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory), where a 34- year (from 1980 to 2013) measured data set of solar irradiance and temperature is available

Ayotzinapa y la crisis del estado neoliberal mexicano

¿Qué pasó en Ayotzinapa? Es la pregunta que surgió el 26 de septiembre de 2014, que no encuentra una respuesta satisfactoria pese a la intervención de actores de distintas instancias, niveles y nacionalidades, y al esbozo de múltiples hipótesis sobre los enfrentamientos registrados en Iguala, Guerrero, que derivaron en la muerte de varias personas y la desaparición de 43 estudiantes de la Normal Rural “Isidro Burgos”, en una tragedia que evidenció la crisis que atraviesa el estado mexicano y que afecta a todo el país. A partir de lo acontecido en Ayotzinapa y con base en la teoría general de los campos de Pierre Bourdieu y su propuesta de análisis teórico metodológico sobre el estado, en esta obra se realiza un análisis de la práctica sistemática y generalizada de las desapariciones forzadas en México, con el fin de ofrecer otra manera de comprender el entretejido político–económico–social que hace posible este grave fenómeno, que desgarra tanto a familias como a la comunidad. La herida abierta por Ayotzinapa sangra y el objetivo último de este libro es contribuir a evitar que se cierre en tanto no se responda la interrogante de qué pasó ahí y que crímenes de lesa humanidad como este sigan aconteciendo en México.ITESO, A.C

Biodiversity and benthic megafaunal communities inhabiting the Formigas Bank (NE Azores)

The Formigas Bank is an offshore seamount located in the easternmost part of the Azores archipelago (northeast Atlantic). It rises from abyssal depths to the surface, including a small set of islets. The bank holds multiple nature conservation designations, including a Natura 2000 Special Area of Conservation, an OSPAR Marine Protected Area, a RAMSAR site and a Nature Reserve declared under the Azores network of protected areas. The protection is based on the presence of sublittoral biotopes of high conservation interest, and importance as feeding grounds, spawning and nursery areas for many marine species, including fish, cetaceans and turtles. Although some information exists on the sublittoral communities occurring on the seamount summit (e.g., infralittoral Cystoseira and Laminaria beds, circalittoral hydrarian and sponge gardens, rich pelagic fauna), virtually no information was available on the deep-sea communities inhabiting the seamount flanks. Therefore, during the MEDWAVES cruise, the flanks of the Formigas bank have been surveyed using multibeam sonar, an ROV and oceanographic profiles, with the objective to characterise deep-sea biodiversity and megafaunal communities as well as the environment where they occur. This communication will present results from the video annotations of the ten dives made on the seamount slopes between ~500m and ~1,500 m depth. Diverse communities of sedentary suspension-feeding organisms were observed, with more than 20 cold-water coral species (mainly octocorals) being recorded, as well as many different sponge morphotypes. Dense coral garden habitats and sponge grounds were identified on several occasions, confirming the presence of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) and of ecologically or biologically significant areas (EBSAs). Differences in the abundance and composition of these habitats between the northern and southern dive transects are interpreted as reflecting substrate and geomorphological differences, as well as the potential influence of the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). The new knowledge on deep-sea megafaunal communities reinforces the importance of this seamount as an area of high conservation interest

Fungal Planet description sheets: 1436–1477

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Argentina, Colletotrichum araujiae on leaves, stems and fruits of Araujia hortorum. Australia, Agaricus pateritonsus on soil, Curvularia fraserae on dying leaf of Bothriochloa insculpta, Curvularia millisiae from yellowing leaf tips of Cyperus aromaticus, Marasmius brunneolorobustus on well-rotted wood, Nigrospora cooperae from necrotic leaf of Heteropogon contortus, Penicillium tealii from the body of a dead spider, Pseudocercospora robertsiorum from leaf spots of Senna tora, Talaromyces atkinsoniae from gills of Marasmius crinis-equi and Zasmidium pearceae from leaf spots of Smilax glyciphylla. Brazil, Preussia bezerrensis from air. Chile, Paraconiothyrium kelleni from the rhizosphere of Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis f. chiloensis. Finland, Inocybe udicola on soil in mixed forest with Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Picea abies and Alnus incana. France, Myrmecridium normannianum on dead culm of unidentified Poaceae. Germany, Vexillomyces fraxinicola from symptomless stem wood of Fraxinus excelsior. India, Diaporthe limoniae on infected fruit of Limonia acidissima, Didymella naikii on leaves of Cajanus cajan, and Fulvifomes mangroviensis on basal trunk of Aegiceras corniculatum. Indonesia, Penicillium ezekielii from Zea mays kernels. Namibia, Neocamarosporium calicoremae and Neocladosporium calicoremae on stems of Calicorema capitata, and Pleiochaeta adenolobi on symptomatic leaves of Adenolobus pechuelii. Netherlands, Chalara pteridii on stems of Pteridium aquilinum, Neomackenziella juncicola (incl. Neomackenziella gen. nov.) and Sporidesmiella junci from dead culms of Juncus effusus. Pakistan, Inocybe longistipitata on soil in a Quercus forest. Poland, Phytophthora viadrina from rhizosphere soil of Quercus robur, and Septoria krystynae on leaf spots of Viscum album. Portugal (Azores), Acrogenospora stellata on dead wood or bark. South Africa, Phyllactinia greyiae on leaves of Greyia sutherlandii and Punctelia anae on bark of Vachellia karroo. Spain, Anteaglonium lusitanicum on decaying wood of Prunus lusitanica subsp. lusitanica, Hawksworthiomyces riparius from fluvial sediments, Lophiostoma carabassense endophytic in roots of Limbarda crithmoides, and Tuber mohedanoi from calcareus soils. Spain (Canary Islands), Mycena laurisilvae on stumps and woody debris. Sweden, Elaphomyces geminus from soil under Quercus robur. Thailand, Lactifluus chiangraiensis on soil under Pinus merkusii, Lactifluus nakhonphanomensis and Xerocomus sisongkhramensis on soil under Dipterocarpus trees. Ukraine, Valsonectria robiniae on dead twigs of Robinia hispida. USA, Spiralomyces americanus (incl. Spiralomyces gen. nov.) from office air. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes

The number of tree species on Earth.

One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness

The number of tree species on Earth.

One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness