Optimización de un freno de disco mediante la combinación del método de los elementos finitos y algoritmos genéticos

Un freno de disco es un sistema de frenado que actúa sobre las ruedas motrices de los vehículos. Este dispositivo transforma toda o parte de la energía cinética del vehículo debida al movimiento en calor a fin de detenerlo o disminuir su velocidad. Cualquier freno de disco posee una parte móvil (el disco) y una rueda que gira, así como unas pastillas de fricción o de freno. Estas pastillas son los elementos que ejercen la presión y la adherencia sobre los propios discos. Hoy en día, el diseño de este tipo de dispositivos está basado tanto en estudios teóricos como en el Método de los Elementos Finitos (MEF). Uno de los principales inconvenientes de éste método es el ajuste de las condiciones de contorno del modelo y de los parámetros de material. En este trabajo, se muestra el ajuste y la validación experimental de un modelo de elementos finitos de un freno de disco completo. Este ajuste y validación del modelo se realizó mediante técnicas de Algoritmos Genéticos (GA).A disc brake is a braking system that acts on the driving wheels of the vehicles. This device transforms all or part of the vehicle's kinetic energy into heat due to movement to stop or reduce the velocity. Any brake disk has one moving part (the disk) and a spinning wheel, and also brake pads. These pads are the elements that exert pressure and grip on the discs. Today, the design of these devices is based on theoretical studies and in the Finite Element Method (FEM). One of the main disadvantages of this method is the adjustment of the boundary conditions and material parameters of the model. In this paper, is shown the fit and experimental validation of a finite element model of a complete disc brake. This setting and model validation was performed using genetic algorithm techniques

Conclusiones finales del 1er Congreso Internacional sobre Desarrollo Personal en la Formación Inicial del Docente

El estudio que presentamos forma parte del proyecto de investigación “La formación ética docente de los futuros profesionales de los grados de Educación Infantil y Educación Primaria como elemento de selección: diagnóstico y análisis, (PID2021-129018NB-I00)”, financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa. El estudio también forma parte del proyecto titulado “El desarrollo personal en la formación inicial del docente: la empatía del estudiantado y del profesorado”, que ha sido financiado con cargo a la ayuda P20-00698 concedida por la Consejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación de la Junta de Andalucía y por FEDER, Una manera de Hacer Europa.Ser docente en el siglo XXI requiere desempeñar funciones, algunas similares y otras diferentes, a las de los siglos que nos han precedido, para las que hemos de formarnos y formar. El papel del nuevo docente ya no es únicamente ser “transmisor de conocimientos”, sino que le toca ser “una persona comprometida y transformadora”, capaz de enseñar de forma crítica, así como conseguir que su alumnado aprenda a convivir y a ser un ciudadano responsable en la sociedad. Este documento recoge las conclusiones finales en torno a cuatro interrogantes: ¿Qué perfil docente exige la sociedad del siglo XXI?; ¿Son las habilidades blandas una necesidad formativa global?; ¿Deberíamos poner el foco en la entrada o en la salida de la formación inicial?; ¿Con el diseño de los planes de estudios de los grados actuales, podemos afrontar los retos que exige la Agenda 2030?P20_00698PID2021-129018NB-100 financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDE

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Evolution over Time of Ventilatory Management and Outcome of Patients with Neurologic Disease∗

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in ventilator management over time in patients with neurologic disease at ICU admission and to estimate factors associated with 28-day hospital mortality. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of three prospective, observational, multicenter studies. SETTING: Cohort studies conducted in 2004, 2010, and 2016. PATIENTS: Adult patients who received mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the 20,929 patients enrolled, we included 4,152 (20%) mechanically ventilated patients due to different neurologic diseases. Hemorrhagic stroke and brain trauma were the most common pathologies associated with the need for mechanical ventilation. Although volume-cycled ventilation remained the preferred ventilation mode, there was a significant (p &lt; 0.001) increment in the use of pressure support ventilation. The proportion of patients receiving a protective lung ventilation strategy was increased over time: 47% in 2004, 63% in 2010, and 65% in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001), as well as the duration of protective ventilation strategies: 406 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2004, 523 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2010, and 585 days per 1,000 mechanical ventilation days in 2016 (p &lt; 0.001). There were no differences in the length of stay in the ICU, mortality in the ICU, and mortality in hospital from 2004 to 2016. Independent risk factors for 28-day mortality were age greater than 75 years, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II greater than 50, the occurrence of organ dysfunction within first 48 hours after brain injury, and specific neurologic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and brain trauma. CONCLUSIONS: More lung-protective ventilatory strategies have been implemented over years in neurologic patients with no effect on pulmonary complications or on survival. We found several prognostic factors on mortality such as advanced age, the severity of the disease, organ dysfunctions, and the etiology of neurologic disease