Planteamiento de propuesta metodológica para la separación de residuos sólidos en hogares de Bogotá que genere un impacto económico positivo para los hogares, para la población recicladora y para los entes responsables de la recolección de dichos residuos

El presente trabajo de grado tiene como finalidad plantear una propuesta metodológica para la separación de residuos sólidos en hogares de Bogotá, sin incluir la localidad de Sumapaz y los municipios aledaños, buscando comprender el impacto económico que tiene la separación de residuos sólidos en la fuente para las viviendas, para la población recicladora y para las empresas prestadoras del servicio de aseo.The present work of degree is intended raise a methodological proposal for the separation of solid waste in the homes of Bogotá city, without including the town of Sumapaz and the surrounding municipalities, seeking to understand the economic impact of the separation of solid waste at the source for homes, for the population of recycler and for the companies providing services of toilet.Ingeniero (a) IndustrialPregrad

El cubrimiento mediático de los acuerdos de paz en Colombia al inicio de la era de Iván Duque. Entre el pesimismo y la negatividad

L’objectiu del present article és analitzar la manera en què alguns dels principals mitjans de comunicació colombians han abordat el tema del procés de pau i la implementació dels acords assolits amb l’extinta guerrilla de les FARC. En la primera secció, es tracta del sentit informatiu de la notícia, com a marc conceptual general que permet identificar les seves dimensions i característiques. En la segona, s’aborda el clima d’opinió que s’ha configurat a Colòmbia després de la presa de possessió del president Iván Duque. Per últim, a la tercera secció, a partir d’una perspectiva fonamentada en els mètodes mixtos, s’analitzen les principals tendències informatives reproduïdes pels mitjans de comunicació sobre el procés de pau i la implementació dels acords durant els primers mesos del nou govern. L’article finalitza amb unes conclusions, on es presenten algunes de les possibles conseqüències de les males notícies en els processos de formació d’opinió pública a Colòmbia en l’actualitat.The objective of this article is to analyze the way in which some of the main Colombian media have addressed the issue of the peace process and the implementation of the agreements reached with the extinct FARC guerrilla. The first section deals with the informative dimension of news, as a general conceptual framework that allows identifying its dimensions and characteristics. In the second section, the climate of opinion that has been created in Colombia after the taking-up of President Iván Duque is addressed. Finally, in the third section, and from a perspective based on mixed methods, we analyze the main information trends reproduced by the Colombian media with respect to the peace process and the implementation of the agreements during the first months of the new government. The article ends with some conclusions, which present some of the possible consequences of bad news in public opinion processes in Colombia today.El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la manera como algunos de los principales medios de comunicación colombianos han abordado el tema del proceso de paz y la implementación de los acuerdos logrados con la extinta guerrilla de las FARC. En la primera sección, se hace un abordaje del sentido informativo de la noticia como marco conceptual general que permite identificar sus dimensiones y características. En la segunda, se aborda el clima de opinión que se ha configurado en Colombia tras la toma de posesión del presidente Iván Duque. Por último, en la tercera sección, a partir de una perspectiva fundamentada en los métodos mixtos, se analizan las principales tendencias informativas reproducidas por los medios de comunicación sobre el proceso de paz y la implementación de los acuerdos durante los primeros meses del nuevo Gobierno. El artículo termina con unas conclusiones, en las que se presentan algunas de las posibles consecuencias de las malas noticias en los procesos de formación de opinión pública en Colombia en la actualidad

Modernización del Alumbrado Público en el Municipio San Juan de Arama - Meta

San Juan de Arama es un municipio ubicado en el departamento del Meta (Arama A. d., s.f.), que cuenta con luminarias de sodio de alta presión; este tipo de luminarias representan baja eficiencia energética y poseen altas emisiones de CO2, además de una considerable inversión en mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo, así como un bajo nivel de iluminación en espacios de libre circulación vehicular, peatonal, parques y de vivienda, lo cual expone un impacto social latente. Por tal motivo, se desarrollará el proyecto de modernización del alumbrado público a tecnología led, con un mayor nivel de iluminación y eficiencia. Esto minimiza el impacto social para la comunidad, cuya causa raíz se encuentra en los espacios públicos por la deficiente iluminación en horas nocturnas.San Juan de Arama is a municipality located in the department of Meta (Arama A. d., s.f.), which has high-pressured sodium luminaires; this type of luminaires represents low energy efficiency and have high CO2 emissions, in addition to a considerable investment in preventive and corrective maintenance, as well as a low level of lighting in spaces of free vehicular, pedestrian, parks and housing circulation, which exposes a latent social impact. For this reason, the project to modernize public lighting to LED technology, with a higher level of illumination and efficiency, will be developed. This minimizes the social impact for the community, whose root cause is found in public spaces due to poor lighting at night

The role of iron and zinc in the treatment of adhd among children and adolescents : a systematic review of randomized clinical trials

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder common from childhood to adulthood, affecting 5% to 12% among the general population in de-veloped countries. Potential etiological factors have been identified, including genetic causes, environmental elements and epigenetic components. Nutrition is currently considered an influ-encing factor, and several studies have explored the contribution of restriction and dietary supplements in ADHD treatments. Iron is an essential cofactor required for a number of functions, such as transport of oxygen, immune function, cellular respiration, neurotransmitter metabolism (dopamine production), and DNA synthesis. Zinc is also an essential trace element, required for cellular functions related to the metabolism of neurotransmitters, melatonin, and prostaglandins. Epidemiological studies have found that iron and zinc deficiencies are common nutritional deficits worldwide, with important roles on neurologic functions (poor memory, inattentiveness, and impulsiveness), finicky appetite, and mood changes (sadness and irritability). Altered levels of iron and zinc have been related with the aggravation and progression of ADHD. Objective: This is a systematic review focused on the contribution of iron and zinc in the progression of ADHD among children and adolescents, and how therapies including these elements are tolerated along with its effectiveness (according to PRISMA guidelines). Method: The scientific literature was screened for randomized controlled trials published between January 2000 to July 2021. The databases con-sulted were Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed quality and risk of bias (CONSORT, NICE, and Cochrane checklists used). Conclusion: Nine studies met the eligibility criteria and were selected. Evidence was obtained regarding the contribution of iron-zinc supplementation in the treatment of ADHD among young individuals. The discussion was focused on how the deficits of these elements contribute to affectation on multiple ADHD correlates, and potential mechanisms explain-ing the mediational pathways. Evidence also suggested that treating ADHD with diet interventions might be particularly useful for specific subgroups of children and adolescents, but further investigations of the effects of these diet interventions are needed

Ensemble of random forests One vs. Rest classifiers for MCI and AD prediction using ANOVA cortical and subcortical feature selection and partial least squares.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and affects approximately 30 million individuals worldwide. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is very frequently a prodromal phase of AD, and existing studies have suggested that people with MCI tend to progress to AD at a rate of about 10 % to 15 % per year. However, the ability of clinicians and machine learning systems to predict AD based on MRI biomarkers at an early stage is still a challenging problem that can have a great impact in improving treatments. Method: The proposed system, developed by the SiPBA-UGR team for this challenge, is based on feature standardization, ANOVA feature selection, partial least squares feature dimension reduction and an ensemble of one vs. rest random forest classifiers. With the aim of improving its performance when discriminating healthy controls (HC) from MCI, a second binary classification level was introduced that reconsiders the HC and MCI predictions of the first level. Results: The system was trained and evaluated on an ADNI datasets that consist of T1-weighted MRI morphological measurements from HC, stable MCI, converter MCI and AD subjects. The proposed system yields a 56.25 % classification score on the test subset which consists of 160 real subjects. Comparison with Existing Method(s): The classifier yielded the best performance when compared to: i) One vs. One (OvO), One vs. Rest (OvR) and error correcting output codes (ECOC) as strategies for reducing the multiclass classification task to multiple binary classification problems, ii) support vector machines, gradient boosting classifier and random forest as base binary classifiers, and iii) bagging ensemble learning. Conclusions: A robust method has been proposed for the international challenge on MCI prediction based on MRI data.This work was supported by the MINECO/FEDER under TEC2015-64718-R project, the Consejería de Economía, Innovacion, Ciencia, y Empleo of the Junta de Andalucía under the P11-TIC-7103 Excellence Project and the Salvador de Madariaga Mobility Grants 2017

Modelos de financiación para acceder a la educación superior en Colombia: diagnóstico y recomendaciones

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Granger Causality-based Information Fusion Applied to Electrical Measurements from Power Transformers.

In the immediate future, with the increasing presence of electrical vehicles and the large increase in the use of renewable energies, it will be crucial that distribution power networks are managed, supervised and exploited in a similar way as the transmission power systems were in previous decades. To achieve this, the underlying infrastructure requires automated monitoring and digitization, including smart-meters, wide-band communication systems, electronic device based-local controllers, and the Internet of Things. All of these technologies demand a huge amount of data to be curated, processed, interpreted and fused with the aim of real-time predictive control and supervision of medium/low voltage transformer substations. Wiener–Granger causality, a statistical notion of causal inference based on Information Fusion could help in the prediction of electrical behaviour arising from common causal dependencies. Originally developed in econometrics, it has successfully been applied to several fields of research such as the neurosciences and is applicable to time series data whereby cause precedes effect. In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of this methodology in the context of power measures for providing theoretical models of low/medium power transformers. Up to our knowledge, the proposed method in this context is the first attempt to build a data-driven power system model based on G-causality. In particular, we analysed directed functional connectivity of electrical measures providing a statistical description of observed responses, and identified the causal structure within data in an exploratory analysis. Pair-wise conditional G-causality of power transformers, their independent evolution in time, and the joint evolution in time and frequency are discussed and analysed in the experimental section.This work was partly supported by the MINECO/ FEDER under the RTI2018- 098913-B100 project. The authors would like to acknowledge the support of 370 CDTI (Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial, Ministerio de Cien cia, Innovacion y Universidades and FEDER, SPAIN) under the PASTORA project (Ref.: ITC-20181102). and to thank the companies within the PAS TORA consortium: Endesa, Ayesa, Ormaz´abal and Ingelectus. We would like to thank the reviewers for their thoughtful comments and efforts towards im 375 proving our manuscript. Finally, JM Gorriz would like to thank Dr G´omez Exp´osito for his helpful advice and comments

Risk factors for eating disorders in students of the University of Manizales

Determinar la frecuencia de los factores de riesgo para trastornos de la alimentación en estudiantes de la Universidad de Manizales. Materiales y métodos: De 3,610 estudiantes regulares de la Universidad de Manizales se tomó una muestra de 165 estudiantes, quienes respondieron un cuestionario integrado compuesto por variables demográficas, las escalas de Zung para ansiedad o depresión, el Eating Disorderrs Inventory (EDI2) y el Apgar familiar; además se tomaron las medidas de peso, talla, Índice de masa corporal y pliegue en el antebrazo. Resultado: Un12.7% de la población presentó factor de riesgo positivo para trastornos de la conducta alimentaría, 17.3% de la población femenina y el 3.8% de la población masculina; las personas con mayor factor de riesgo fueron las mujeres en la facultad de Comunicación Social y Periodismo (24.1%). Se determinó una relación significativa entre la variable impulso por la delgadez con la ansiedad o depresión. El mayor Índice de masa corporal y de porcentaje de grasa está asociado con un aumento en la variable impulso por la delgadez. Conclusiones :Se encontraron factores de riesgo asociados con trastornos de la alimentación. La frecuencia del factor de riesgo según EDI2 en este estudio fue más baja que la encontrada en estudios realizados en Medellín y Bogotá.[Cano AA, Castaño JJ, Corredor DA, García AM, González M, Lloreda OL, et al. Factores de riesgo para trastornos de la alimentación en los alumnos de la Universidad de Manizales. MedUNAB 2007; 10:187-194]To determine the frequency of risk factors for eating disorders in students at the University of Manizales. Materials and methods: A sample of 165 students was taken from 3,610 regular students of the University of Manizales, who answered an integrated questionnaire made up of demographic variables, the Zung scales for anxiety or depression, the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI2) and the Apgar. familiar; in addition, measurements of weight, height, body mass index and fold in the forearm were taken. Result: 12.7% of the population presented a positive risk factor for eating disorders, 17.3% of the female population and 3.8% of the male population; the people with the highest risk factor were women in the Faculty of Social Communication and Journalism (24.1%). A significant relationship was determined between the variable drive for thinness with anxiety or depression. Higher body mass index and body fat percentage are associated with an increase in the drive for thinness variable. Conclusions: Risk factors associated with eating disorders were found. The frequency of the risk factor according to EDI2 in this study was lower than that found in studies carried out in Medellín and Bogotá.[Cano AA, Castaño JJ, Corredor DA, García AM, González M, Lloreda OL, et al. Risk factors for eating disorders in students of the University of Manizales. MedUNAB 2007; 10:187-194

Síndrome de Laron: reporte de caso

Introducción e importancia: El síndrome de Laron es una condición genética rara, que se presenta con muy poca frecuencia. Esta enfermedad es tratada con un único medicamento denominado mecasermina para mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente, sin embargo, en ocasiones puede generar efectos adversos poco comunes. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 9 años de edad, con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Laron, confirmado mediante niveles bajos del factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina tipo 1 y niveles normales o elevados de la hormona del crecimiento, misma que recibió tratamiento temporal con mecasermina. Discusión clínica: Se inició el tratamiento con mecasermina con el peso de 9,8 kg y la talla de 89,2 cm. Siete meses después se manifestó hipertensión intracraneana, motivo por el cual, se suspendió el medicamento por tres meses, y posteriormente se lo retomó a dosis bajas. Un año diez meses después, en su último control se evidenció un peso de 15,1 kg y la talla de 97 cm.  Conclusión: El síndrome de Laron es una condición rara que se caracteriza por una marcada talla baja, en la actualidad, el único tratamiento para mejorar el desarrollo de la estatura es la administración de mecasermina, la misma que tuvo resultados beneficiosos para la paciente investigada

Financial Stability Report - September 2015

From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governo