The relaxation of OH (v = 1) and OD (v = 1) by H2O and D2O at temperatures from 251 to 390 K

We report rate coefficients for the relaxation of OH(v = 1) and OD(v = 1) by H2O and D2O as a function of temperature between 251 and 390 K. All four rate coefficients exhibit a negative dependence on temperature. In Arrhenius form, the rate coefficients for relaxation (in units of 10–12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1) can be expressed as: for OH(v = 1) + H2O between 263 and 390 K: k = (2.4 ± 0.9) exp((460 ± 115)/T); for OH(v = 1) + D2O between 256 and 371 K: k = (0.49 ± 0.16) exp((610 ± 90)/T); for OD(v = 1) + H2O between 251 and 371 K: k = (0.92 ± 0.16) exp((485 ± 48)/T); for OD(v = 1) + D2O between 253 and 366 K: k = (2.57 ± 0.09) exp((342 ± 10)/T). Rate coefficients at (297 ± 1 K) are also reported for the relaxation of OH(v = 2) by D2O and the relaxation of OD(v = 2) by H2O and D2O. The results are discussed in terms of a mechanism involving the formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes in which intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution can occur at rates competitive with re-dissociation to the initial collision partners in their original vibrational states. New ab initio calculations on the H2O–HO system have been performed which, inter alia, yield vibrational frequencies for all four complexes: H2O–HO, D2O–HO, H2O–DO and D2O–DO. These data are then employed, adapting a formalism due to Troe (J. Troe, J. Chem. Phys., 1977, 66, 4758), in order to estimate the rates of intramolecular energy transfer from the OH (OD) vibration to other modes in the complexes in order to explain the measured relaxation rates—assuming that relaxation proceeds via the hydrogen-bonded complexes

Simulation of the Performance of the IISc Chemical Kinetics Shock Tube

This report presents the results of an investigation of the performance of the Chemical Kinetics Shock tube at the Indian Institute of Science. The one-dimensional Lagrangian code L1d of Jacobs (1998) has been used to simulate the tube at several operating conditions. The conditions have different shock tube filling pressures, resulting in different shock speeds and different tube lengths, resulting in different dwell times. The simulations have been performed both with and without viscous effects simulated in the tubes. At the lowest shock tube filling pressure condition, the shock tube operates in an overtailored mode and it is undertailored at the higher filling pressure conditions. The results show that viscous effects, which lead to attenuation of the primary shock and heat loss from the test gas to the tube walls, result in an increasing p5 pressure during the test time. The viscous effects are more dominant at the condition with the lowest filling pressure (highest primary shock speed). A simulation run for 50 ms after diaphragm rupture or the configuration with a long driver tube shows that the test gas is periodically re-compressed by reflections of waves along the driver and shock tubes. The recompressions become sequentially weaker and thus the test gas temperature and pressure are never raised to as high levels as for the primary compression

Rice in Sangam Tamil Food

Since the Sangam Age, our people have been giving importance to food. Rice is one of the most important and important food items. It is also known that rice rice was cooked and eaten by the first varieties of rice. It is also known from Sangam literature that they cooked rice rice and ate it as Pori, tamarind rice and milk rice knowing the taste of rice. The Greeks who exported rice in ancient Tamil Nadu called it 'Arusa', which became 'Rice' in English. Though the word 'rice' is so old, the form 'Ari' is found in the old Tamil dictionary 'Pingalandai'. Tulu, one of the Dravidian languages, also has the form of 'Ari'. In Malayalam, rice is still referred to as 'Ari' and hence 'Ali' is the earliest form of Tamil. They threshed the paddy and obtained rice from it. In Purananuru there is a report that dried paddy was made into strips and fed to elephants. This article will be aimed at introducing the way in which the Sangam people have cooked and eaten rice food

Paddy, Tubers, Honey, Toddy in Sangam Tamil Food

People can survive even without clothes and shelter, which are the basic things that people need. But we cannot survive without food. So food was man's first quest. Fruits. Early vegetable man may have gradually learned to cook and cultivate food. Humans who started cooking food and made various changes in food later came to know indigenous cuisines as well. The types of food that a country can eat depends on its climate and climate. Diets have also varied according to economic ups and downs. A lot of Tamil literature deals with the food of Tamils. This article has examined how paddy, yam, honey, etc. have been used in such literature

Cytological and transcript analyses reveal fat and lazy persister-like bacilli in tuberculous sputum

As nonreplicating tubercle bacilli are tolerant to the cidal action of antibiotics and resistant to multiple stresses, identification of this persister-like population of tubercle bacilli in sputum presents exciting and tractable new opportunities to investigate both responses to chemotherapy and the transmission of tuberculosis

Food Culture of Tribal People

One of the essentials of the universe is food. An individual's food cannot be taken only for sustenance. Food is the culture of human life, being together with culture. This research paper has been prepared with the evidence of the witnesses with the aim of clarifying that the food systems of the tribal people are united with the cultures and without forgetting the present day environment of the tribal people and the rituals associated with the food, we too should know and benefit from the benefits of the food system in our lives

Reduction of seafood processing wastewater using technologies enhanced by swim–bed technology

The increasing growth of the seafood processing industries considerably requires more industrial process activities and water consumption. It is estimated that approximately 10–40 m3 of wastewater is generated from those industries for processing one-tonne of raw materials. Due to limitations and regulations in natural resources utilization, a suitable and systematic wastewater treatment plant is very important to meet rigorous discharge standards. As a result of food waste biodegradability, the biological treatment and some extent of swim-bed technology, including a novel acryl-fibre (biofilm) material might be used effectively to meet the effluent discharge criteria. This chapter aims to develop understanding on current problems and production of the seafood wastewater regarding treatment efficiency and methods of treatment

Contamination of Buried Plastic Marine Litter on Sandy Beaches in the West Coast of Sri Lanka

Sandy beaches act as an interface between land and sea and can serve as an indicator of the level of contamination in the marine environment. The beach can be both a source and a sink for marine litter contamination. Long-term accumulation of buried plastic marine litter (BPML) can produce microplastics by mechanical destruction and/or UV-degradation. This study aims to investigate the contamination and distribution of BPML in the Crow Island (CR) and Wattala (WT) beach areas during the Northeast monsoon. CR had a significantly higher anthropogenic load compared to WT beach. BPML (>5 mm) was determined in 12 quadrats (0.5×0.5 m) per beach area. From each quadrat, sand samples (2 sand samples per quadrat) were obtained in shallow and deep layers of the beach (surface to 3 cm, and 3 cm to 6 cm respectively). The fraction of the mass of coarser sand was determined to identify the relationship between the coarseness of the sand sample and BPML contamination. Coarseness of the sample was determined by removing fine sand using a 1 mm sieve. Accumulation patterns of BPML were analysed between the storm line and sand dune. On average, 21 items/kg Dry Weight (DW) and 7 items/kg DW were collected from sand samples from shallow and deep layers of the CR beach, respectively. In contrast, the WT beach area had almost no plastic pieces on average in a kilogram of dried sand samples collected from both depths. Out of the 24 sand samples collected from the WT beach, only 7 of them contained plastic pieces. Characterization of the polymers of the BPML was carried out using ATR-FTIR. Shallow and deep layers of sample from CR beach contained Polyethylene (10 items/kg DW and 3 items/kg DW respectively) and polyethylene terephthalate (5 items/kg DW and 2 items/ kg DW respectively) type BPML in high amounts. BPML accumulation on the CR beach was significantly affected by the depth of the beach and distance from the storm line (p<0.05, One-way ANOVA). High contamination by BPML is found to be associated with coarser sands. The average fraction of coarser sand for samples collected from the shallow and deep layers of the CR beach near the storm line is 17.4% and 26.1%, respectively, which indicates high contamination of plastics in the deep layer compared to the shallow layer. In contrast, the shallow layer contained a high percentage of coarse sand (5.3%) compared to the deep layer (3.7%) near the sand dune or vegetation. Findings indicate encouraging mitigatory measures to clean up marine litter focusing on both shallow and deep layers is recommended. Keywords: West Coast, Buried plastic marine litter, ATR-FTIR, Coarser sands >< 0.05, One-way ANOVA). High contamination by BPML is found to be associated with coarser sands. The average fraction of coarser sand for samples collected from the shallow and deep layers of the CR beach near the storm line is 17.4% and 26.1%, respectively, which indicates high contamination of plastics in the deep layer compared to the shallow layer. In contrast, the shallow layer contained a high percentage of coarse sand (5.3%) compared to the deep layer (3.7%) near the sand dune or vegetation. Findings indicate encouraging mitigatory measures to clean up marine litter focusing on both shallow and deep layers is recommended. Keywords: West Coast, Buried plastic marine litter, ATR-FTIR, Coarser sand

Synthesis of macrocyclic receptors with intrinsic fluorescence featuring quinizarin moieties

An unprecedented class of macrocycles with intrinsic fluorescence consisting of phenolic trimers and quinizarin is developed. Though they are lacking strong hydrogen bonds as observed in calixarenes, the two examples introduced here each adopt a vase-like conformation with all four aromatic units pointing in one direction (syn orientation). This “cone” conformation has been confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, molecular modeling, and X-ray crystallography. The laminar, electron-rich fluorophore as part of the macrocycle allows additional contacts to enclosed guest molecules

Generating Target Graph Couplings for QAOA from Native Quantum Hardware Couplings

We present methods for constructing any target coupling graph using limited global controls in an Ising-like quantum spin system. Our approach is motivated by implementing the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) on trapped ion quantum hardware to find approximate solutions to Max-Cut. We present a mathematical description of the problem and provide approximately optimal algorithmic constructions which generate arbitrary unweighted coupling graphs with $n$ nodes in $O(n)$ global control pulses and weighted graphs with $m$ edges in $O(m)$ pulses. These upper bounds are not tight in general, and we formulate a mixed-integer program to solve the graph coupling problem to optimality. We perform numeric experiments on small graphs with $n \le 8$ show that optimal pulse sequences, which use fewer operations, can be found using mixed-integer programs