Fish loss/waste and low-value fish challenges: State of art, advances, and perspectives

The sustainability of fishery is a global challenge due to overfishing and reduced stocks all over the world; one of the leading factors of this threat is fish loss/waste. As a contribution to the global efforts towards a sustainable world, this review addresses the topic from different sides and proposes an overview of biorefinery approaches by discussing bioactive compounds that could be produced from fish loss (nitrogen compounds, lipids, minerals and pigments, and fish-based compounds such as chitosan). The second part of this review reports on the possibility of using loss or unwanted fish to design products for human consumption or for animal feeding, with a focus on economic criteria, consumers’ segmentation, and some examples of products. The final focus is on Food and Agriculture Organization FAO guidelines as a roadmap for the future with respect to solving this threat by addressing the problem from different sides (technology, skills, market, policy, social and gender equity, and infrastructures)

Microencapsulation of saccharomyces cerevisiae into alginate beads: A focus on functional properties of released cells

Five yeast strains (four wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and a collection strain-S. cerevisiae var. boulardii) were encapsulated in alginate beads. Encapsulation yield was at least 60% (100% for some strains) and yeasts survived in beads for 30 days at 4 ◦C, although the viability was strongly affected during storage at 25 ◦C (3 log reduction after 7 days). The kinetic of cell release was studied under static and dynamic conditions, but the results suggest that, after 48 h, beads contained a high number of yeasts. Thus, their use is advisable as re-usable carriers of starter cultures or as a vehicle of probiotics into the gut. Finally, some functional properties (biofilm formation, hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, survival during the transit into the gut) were evaluated on yeasts released by beads to assess if microencapsulation could negatively affect these traits. The results showed that yeasts' entrapment in beads did not affect probiotic properties

A narrative review on the use of probiotics in several diseases. Evidence and perspectives

Gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem, strictly linked to health and disease, as a balanced composition (referred as eubiosis) is necessary for several physiological functions, while an unbalanced composition (dysbiosis) is often associated to pathological conditions and/or diseases. An altered microbiota could be positively affected and partially restored through probiotic supplementation, among others. This review addresses the effects of probiotics in several conditions, used as case-studies (colorectal cancer, neuro-psychiatric diseases, intestinal diseases, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, immune system, and musculoskeletal system disorders) by pointing out the clinical outcomes, the mode of action, mainly related to the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), the impact of probiotic dose and mode of supplementation, as well as trying to highlight a hit of the most used genera

a case study on the selection of promising functional starter strains from grape yeasts a report by student of food science and technology degree university of foggia southern italy

The main aim of this research, performed by some students in Food Science and Technology of Foggia University, is to show how perform the selection of a functional starter through a step-by-step procedure. Fifteen yeast strains were studied in order to assess their biotechnological traits, e.g. catalase, urease, B-glucosidase, pectolytic and xylanolytic activities, production of H2S, resistance to copper, SO2 and acetic acid, growth at different temperatures, alkaline pH, in presence of different amounts of ethanol and glucose, and some probiotic properties. After studying these abilities, yeasts were identified through the miniaturized system API 20 C AUX and two kinds of multivariate analyses (Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis) were performed to highlight the best strains.</p

Fighting spirit and the marital context of managing congestive heart failure

Research suggests that the fighting spirit (FS) of patients coping with serious illness correlates with their physical health and psychological adjustment, but studies to date have operationalized FS primarily through questionnaires and have neglected the possibility that close relationships influence (or are influenced by) an individual patient's FS. This study examines the reliability and validity of an observational measure of FS, developed by the author, and its relationship to patient, spouse, and marital variables. The measure is based on an expanded definition consisting of eight dimensions: optimism, control, self-efficacy, sense of purpose, self-esteem, persistence, active participation, and adaptability. Participants were 88 couples in which one of the partners (63 men and 25 women) had congestive heart failure (CHF). As part of the Michigan Family Heart Project (Coyne, 1993), both partners participated in individual home interviews and completed questionnaires related to physical health, psychological functioning, approaches to coping with the illness, and the partners' marital relationship. Biomedical measures of illness severity were recorded concurrently from the patient's chart, and a telephone interview 9 months later provided follow-up measures of patient life satisfaction and distress. Judges reliably rated FS dimensions from audiotaped interview segments of the patient describing how he or she had coped with a recent health problem, and the composite FS measure demonstrated good internal consistency and fair convergent and discriminant validity. Although FS did not predict four-year survival, it did relate to health, psychological functioning, and the marital context, though in different ways for male and female patients. For female patients, FS appeared to be a problem-focused, spouse-involving approach associated with initial distress that improved over time; whereas for male patients, FS appeared to represent a private self-efficacy in illness management independent of problem-solving efforts and associated with initial well-being that deteriorated over time. Though preliminary, these results suggest that FS coping may have different correlates and consequences for men and women, and highlight the importance of dose relationships in managing serious illness

Fish Loss/Waste and Low-Value Fish Challenges: State of Art, Advances, and Perspectives

The sustainability of fishery is a global challenge due to overfishing and reduced stocks all over the world; one of the leading factors of this threat is fish loss/waste. As a contribution to the global efforts towards a sustainable world, this review addresses the topic from different sides and proposes an overview of biorefinery approaches by discussing bioactive compounds that could be produced from fish loss (nitrogen compounds, lipids, minerals and pigments, and fish-based compounds such as chitosan). The second part of this review reports on the possibility of using loss or unwanted fish to design products for human consumption or for animal feeding, with a focus on economic criteria, consumers’ segmentation, and some examples of products. The final focus is on Food and Agriculture Organization FAO guidelines as a roadmap for the future with respect to solving this threat by addressing the problem from different sides (technology, skills, market, policy, social and gender equity, and infrastructures)

Evaluation of the effects of alternative physical approach on the metabolism and functional traits of useful microorganisms

Stato dell’arte: I microrganismi probiotici negli alimenti potrebbero causare cambiamenti significativi nel sapore e nella reologia, a causa del loro metabolismo attivo. È importante, quindi, controllare il metabolismo dei microrganismi probiotici negli alimenti, senza influenzare negativamente la vitalità e le caratteristiche funzionali. Un modo per superare questo problema è l'utilizzo di colture starter attenuate attraverso l’utilizzo di metodi fisici o chimici. Alcuni autori hanno studiato l'omogeneizzazione come metodo per attenuare/modulare il metabolismo delle colture starter nei prodotti caseari (Lanciotti et al., 2004, 2006, 2007); in questo progetto di tesi ho utilizzato una nuova tecnologia emergente, gli ultrasuoni. (i) È stato effettuato uno screening delle combinazioni possibili di ultrasuoni (US) (potenza/durata) su diversi microrganismi probiotici e sono state studiate le caratteristiche probiotiche e tecnologiche dopo l'esposizione agli US. (ii) Sono stati studiati gli effetti degli US sul rilascio di componenti intracellulari. (iii) È stata valutata l'interazione dei ceppi attenuati con il microbiota intestinale utilizzando la fermentazione in vitro (batch culture fermentation). Problematiche: (i) Non si conoscono gli effetti dell’attenuazione mediante US sulle caratteristiche tecnologiche/probiotiche dei microrganismi; (ii) non è chiara la risposta delle cellule microbiche al trattamento con gli US e il danno che ne deriva, in quanto in letteratura sono disponibili pochi dati; (iii) non sono disponibili dati sull'interazione di ceppi attenuati con il microbiota intestinale. Obiettivi: (i) Scelta della migliore combinazione di ultrasuoni (potenza/durata), in grado di evitare la post-acidificazione senza compromettere la vitalità dei ceppi, studio dei cambiamenti delle caratteristiche probiotiche e tecnologiche che i microrganismi potrebbero subire a seguito dell’attenuazione; (ii) valutazione del rilascio di componenti intracellulari (acidi nucleici e proteine) dopo l'applicazione degli ultrasuoni; e (iii) studio dell’effetto di ceppi attenuati sul microbiota intestinale. Pianificazione della ricerca: Nella prima parte sono stati usati tre diversi generi di microrganismi probiotici: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium. I ceppi sono stati trattati con ultrasuoni e sono state studiate le caratteristiche tecnologiche e probiotiche. Nella seconda parte, sono stati studiati gli effetti degli US sul rilascio di componenti intracellulari. I ceppi sono stati studiati a seguito del trattamento fisico per valutare il rilascio di costituenti intracellulari (acidi nucleici, proteine) ed eventuali lesioni della membrana cellulare. Nell'ultima parte, è stata studiata l'interazione di ceppi attenuati con il microbiota intestinale. Questo studio è stato condotto presso l'Università di Roehampton (Regno Unito). Materiali e metodi: (i) Caratteristiche tecnologiche: Prove di acidificazione in mezzo di laboratorio, crescita a diverse temperature, pH e contenuto di sale; caratteristiche probiotiche: antibiotico resistenza, sopravvivenza a pH 2,5 e in presenza di sali biliari (0,3%), idrofobicità e formazione di biofilm. (ii) La valutazione del danno sulle cellule microbiche è stato determinato attraverso letture spettrofotometriche a 260 e 280 nm per quantificare il rilascio di DNA e proteine. (iii) L'interazione dei ceppi attenuati con il microbiota intestinale è stata valutata utilizzando la fermentazione in vitro (batch culture fermentation). Risultati: (i) Le migliori combinazioni in grado di evitare la post-acidificazione sono state le seguenti: potenza, 60%; tempo, 6 minuti; impulsi, 2 s per Lactobacillus e Bifidobacterium, 40%, 8 min P. jensenii; 60%, 4 min P. freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii. Gli US non hanno influenzato la vitalità a 45 °C e a pH 9, ma hanno determinato una diminuzione della crescita microbica a pH 4 (lattobacilli e bifidobatteri). Tuttavia, gli US non hanno influenzato il GI dei propionibatteri. L'effetto dell'attenuazione potrebbe essere migliorato con la refrigerazione. Il trattamento con gli US non ha influenzato la maggior parte dei tratti tecnologici, ma ha causato un aumento della suscettibilità ad alcuni antibiotici. Per quanto riguarda i tratti probiotici, gli US hanno causato un aumento di idrofobicità per L. reuteri e P. freudenreichii spp. freudenreichii. Questi risultati sono stati confermati con l'adesione alle cellule Caco-2 per L. reuteri. L. reuteri attenuato ha registrato un significativo aumento di idrofobicità (dal 3 al 25%) e una maggiore adesione alle cellule Caco-2. Inoltre, gli US hanno migliorato la stabilità dei biofilm nel tempo e questo risultato ha confermato i dati ottenuti con l'idrofobicità. (ii) Il rilascio di acidi nucleici e proteine, evidenzia che la membrana cellulare potrebbe essere un altro target del trattamento fisico. (iii) Per quanto riguarda gli effetti degli US sul microbiota intestinale: i ceppi attenuati non hanno influenzato il microbiota intestinale, ma in alcuni casi sono stati evidenziati effetti positivi. Importanza e impatto della ricerca di dottorato: Il metabolismo attivo dei microrganismi probiotici potrebbe costituire un problema quando questi ultimi vengono aggiunti agli alimenti. Infatti alcuni ceppi di batteri lattici continuano a produrre acido lattico e causano post-acidificazione (diminuzione del pH durante la conservazione). Pertanto, è importante controllare il loro metabolismo. Un modo possibile per controllare il metabolismo dei probiotici negli alimenti è l'attenuazione attraverso metodi fisici o chimici. Una delle tecnologie emergenti sono gli ultrasuoni (US). Questo approccio è stato utilizzato per evitare la post-acidificazione in una bevanda commerciale di riso (Bevilacqua et al., 2016). La presente tesi di dottorato ha contribuito a valutare gli effetti dell'attenuazione mediante ultrasuoni, su alcune caratteristiche tecnologiche e probiotiche, testando tre diversi generi di ceppi probiotici. Inoltre, questo progetto di dottorato ha studiato i cambiamenti in termini di caratteristiche tecnologiche e probiotiche che i microrganismi probiotici potrebbero subire a seguito dell'attenuazione; il rilascio di proteine, acidi nucleici. Infine, la novità di questa tesi di dottorato è stata lo studio degli effetti di ceppi attenuati sul microbiota intestinale. Proposte future: una prospettiva futura potrebbe essere focalizzata sull'uso degli US per migliorare o modulare l'adesione dei ceppi probiotici, considerando l'aumento di idrofobicità e la maggiore adesione alle cellule Caco-2. È importante studiare gli effetti di altri ceppi attenuati sul microbiota intestinale modulando le variabili del trattamento.Scientific background: Probiotics in foods could lead to significant changes in food flavor and rheology, due to their active metabolism. A possible way to overcome this problem is the attenuation of probiotics through a physical or chemical method. Some authors studied homogenization as a way to attenuate/modulate the metabolism of starter cultures in dairy products (Lanciotti et al., 2004, 2006, 2007); in this project I have used a new emerging technology, the ultrasounds. (i) A screening of the ultrasound (US) (power/duration) on different probiotic microorganisms was perfomed, and were studied the probiotic and technological characteristics after US-exposure. (ii) The effects of US on the release of intracellular components, was investigate. (iii) The interaction of attenuated strains with gut microbiota was evaluated, using in vitro batch culture fermentation. Open questions: (i) Few data are available on effects of US on probiotics and technological characteristics of probiotic strains; (ii) few data are available on the effect of attenuation with ultrasound on the sub-lethal injury; (iii) no data are available on the interaction of attenuated strains with gut microbiota. Aims: (i) Choice of the best combination of ultrasound to avoid post-acidification without affecting the viability of the strains, and study of the probiotic and technological characteristics to evaluate if attenuation could change them; (ii) study the release of intracellular components (nucleic acids and proteins) after the application of ultrasound; and (iii) evaluation the effects of attenuated strains on gut microbiota. Planning of the research: In the first part three different genera of probiotics were used: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium. The strains were treated with ultrasound and studied for technological and probiotic characteristics. In the second part, the effects of US on the release of intracellular components, was investigated. The strains were studied after physical treatment to assess the release of intra-cellular constituents (nucleic acids, proteins) and injury of the membrane. In the last part, the interaction of attenuated strains with gut microbiota, was studied. This study was carried out at University of Roehampton (UK). Materials and Methods: (i) Technological traits: acidification in lab medium, growth at different temperatures, pHs and salt content; probiotic traits: antibiotic-resistance, survival at pH 2.5 and in the presence of 0.3% bile salt, hydrophobicity, and biofilm formation. (ii) Injury characterization was evaluated by leakage of UV-absorbing substances. (iii) The interaction of attenuated strains with gut microbiota was evaluated, using in vitro batch culture fermentation. Results: (i) The best combinations to avoid post-acidification were the following: power, 60%; time, 6 min; pulse, 2 s for Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, 40%, 8 min P. jensenii; 60%, 4 min P. freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii. US did not affect viability at 45 °C or at pH 9, but it determined a decrease of microbial growth to pH 4 (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria). However, the US did not affect the GI of propionibacteria. The effect of attenuation could be enhanced by the storage under refrigeration. US-treatment did not affect most of the technological traits, but generally caused an increase of susceptibility to some antibiotics. Concerning probiotic traits, US caused an increase of hydrophobicity for L. reuteri and P. freudenreichii spp. freudenreichii, after US-exposure. These results were confirmed with adhesion to Caco-2 cells for L. reuteri. US-attenuated L. reuteri experienced a significant increase of hydrophobicity (from 3 to 25%) and a higher adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Moreover, US improved the stability of the biofilm over the time, and this result confirmed the data obtained with hydrophobicity. (ii) The release of nucleic acids and proteins was found, highlighting that cell membrane could be another target physical treatments. (iii) Concerning the effects of US on gut microbiota, the ultrasound didn’t affect the gut microbiota, but in some cases, it could have a positive effect. Significance and Impact of PhD research: A main drawback of probiotics in foods can relate to their active metabolism, some strains of lactic acid bacteria continue to produce lactic acid and cause post-acidification (the decrease of pH within the storage). Therefore, it is important to control their metabolism. A possible way to control the metabolism of probiotic in foods is the attenuation through physical or chemical methods. One of the emerging technologies is ultrasound (US). This approach was used to avoid post-acidification in a commercial rice drink (Bevilacqua et al., 2016). The present PhD thesis contributed to evaluate the effects of attenuation with ultrasound, on some technological and probiotic strains, testing three different genera of probiotic strains. Moreover, this PhD project has investigate the changes that may affect probiotic strains after attenuation; the release of proteins, nucleic acids. Finally, the novelty of this PhD thesis was the study of the effects of attenuated strains on gut microbiota. Future trends: A future perspective could be a focus on the use of US to improve or modulate the adhesion of probiotic strains, considering the increase of hydrophobicity and the higher adhesion to Caco-2-cells. It is important to investigate the effects of other attenuated strains on gut microbiota by modulating the variables of the treatment. Key words: Hydrophobicity, acidification, growth, attenuation, gut-microbiota, proteins, nucleic acid, ultrasound, attenuated microorganisms, probiotics, lactic acid bacteria