DROGAS LÍCITAS E ILÍCITAS: O CENÁRIO EM UMA ESCOLA PÚBLICA EM BENJAMIN CONSTANT-AM, BRASIL

O consumo de drogas vem crescendo mundialmente, principalmente entre os jovens, isso tem sido uma questão que vem afligindo a sociedade contemporânea, pois não estão sabendo lhe dá com a problemática. Com isso, este trabalho buscou compreender a relação dos estudantes do ensino médio com as drogas lícitas e ilícitas, em uma escola pública, no município de Benjamin Constant, no Amazonas. Para tanto foi usado como instrumento de coleta um questionário semiestruturado referente ao uso ou não de drogas. Verificou-se que a primeira experiência com as drogas, da maioria dos estudantes, foi na faixa etária entre 15 a 17 anos. Os estudantes de menor faixa usam mais drogas ilícitas e os de maior faixa etária usam mais drogas lícitas. Dentre as drogas lícitas e ilícitas mais consumidas pelos alunos encontram-se o álcool, maconha, tabaco, cocaína e crack. Entre os fatores que influenciaram os estudantes na experimentação ou uso frequente dessas destacam-se a presença de usuários na família e curiosidades para experimentar. Portanto, os discentes da referida escola têm relação estreita com as drogas devido principalmente a facilidade na aquisição, a falta de fiscalização dos órgãos competentes, o esfacelamento familiar e contato precoce com usuários. Palavras-chave: Família. Adolescência. Entorpecentes.   ABSTRACT: Drug consumption has been growing worldwide, especially among young people, this has been an issue that has been afflicting contemporary society, because they are not aware that it gives them the problem. With this, this work sought to understand the relationship between high school students and licit and illicit drugs in a public school in the municipality of Benjamin Constant, in Amazonas. For this, a semi-structured questionnaire was used as a collection tool for the use of drugs. It was verified that the first experience with the drugs, of the majority of the students, was in the age group between 15 to 17 years. Lower-level students use more illicit drugs and older age groups use more licit drugs. Among the licit and illicit drugs most consumed by students are alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, cocaine and crack. Among the factors that influenced students in the experimentation or frequent use of these stand out the presence of users in the family and curiosities to experiment. Therefore, the students of this school have a close relationship with drugs due mainly to the ease of acquisition, the lack of supervision of the competent organs, family breakdown and early contact with users. Keywords: Family. Adolescence. Narcotics

Punica granatum L. protects mice against hexavalent chromium-induced genotoxicity

This study investigated the chemoprotective effects of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) fruits alcoholic extract (PGE) on mice exposed to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Animals were pretreated with PGE (25, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day) for 10 days and subsequently exposed to a sub-lethal dose of Cr(VI) (30 mg/kg). The frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow was investigated and the Cr(VI) levels were measured in the kidneys, liver and plasm. For the survival analysis, mice were previously treated with PGE for 10 days and exposed to a single lethal dose of Cr(VI) (50 mg/kg). Exposure to a sub-lethal dose of Cr(VI) induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated cells. However, the prophylactic treatment with PGE led to a reduction of 44.5% (25 mg/kg), 86.3% (50 mg/kg) and 64.2% (75 mg/kg) in the incidence of micronuclei. In addition, the 50 mg/kg dose of PGE produced a higher chemoprotective effect, since the survival rate was 90%, when compared to that of the non-treated group. In these animals, reduced amounts of chromium were detected in the biological materials, in comparison with the other groups. Taken together, the results demonstrated that PGE exerts a protective effect against Cr(VI)-induced genotoxicity.Este estudo investigou os efeitos quimioprotetores do extrato alcoólico dos frutos da Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) (EPG) em camundongos expostos ao cromo hexavalente [Cr(VI)]. Os animais foram pré-tratados com o EPG (25, 50 ou 75 mg/kg/dia) durante 10 dias e subsequentemente expostos a uma dose subletal de Cr(VI) (30 mg/kg). A frequência de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados na medula óssea foi investigada e os níveis de Cr(VI) foram quantificados nos rins, fígado e plasma. Para a análise de sobrevida, os camundongos foram previamente tratados com EPG durante 10 dias e expostos a única dose letal de Cr(VI) (50 mg/kg). A exposição à dose subletal de Cr(VI) induziu aumento significativo na frequência de células micronucleadas. Entretanto, o tratamento profilático com EPG levou à redução de 44,5% (25 mg/kg), 86,3% (50 mg/kg) e 64,2% (75 mg/kg) na incidência de micronúcleo. Além disso, a dose de 50 mg/kg de EPG produziu maior efeito quimioprotetor, uma vez que a taxa de sobrevivência foi de 90%, quando comparada àquela do grupo não tratado. Nesses animais, quantidades reduzidas de cromo foram detectadas nos materiais biológicos, em comparação com os outros grupos. Em conjunto, os resultados demonstram que o EPG exerce efeito protetor contra a genotoxicidade induzida pelo Cr(VI)

Crescimento e produção de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) sob doses de fósforo

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of phosphorus on the growth and yield of physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.). Physic nut seedlings, two months old were transplanted in February 2007. In June 2008 it was held in drastic pruning all plants in height of 80 cm of soil. The treatments consisted of P2O5 doses: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g-1 pit. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications of eight plants, totaling 40 plants per block. The evaluation period of the experiment it was realized between October 2008 to October 2009 (corresponding to the 2nd year of assessment), and between October 2009 and October 2010 (corresponding to the 3rd year of assessment), and the evaluated variables: the number of branches prior to pruning, the number of branches after pruning, the number of branches in inflorescence, number of inflorescences plant 1, the number of branches with clusters, the number of clusters plant-1 and productivity. Pruning stimulated the growth and production of physic nut. The increase in phosphorus fertilization increased the productivity of physic nut, reaching a stable starting dose of 150 g ha-1 of P2O5. The cultivation of physic nut can be considered a species that responds to fertilization.O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência da adubação fosfatada sobre o crescimento e produção do pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.). Mudas de pinhão-manso, com dois meses de idade foram transplantadas no mês de fevereiro de 2007. No mês de junho de 2008 foi realizada poda drástica em todas as plantas na altura de 80 cm do solo. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas doses de P2O5: 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 g cova-1.O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados,com quatro repetições de oito plantas, totalizando 40 plantas por bloco. O período de avaliação do experimento compreendeu-se entre o mês de outubro de 2008 a outubro de 2009 (correspondente ao 2° ano de avaliação), e entre o mês de outubro de 2009 a outubro de 2010 (correspondente ao 3° ano de avaliação),sendo as variáveis avaliadas:o número de ramos antes da poda, o número de ramos após a poda,o número de ramos com inflorescência,o número de inflorescência planta-1,o número de ramos com cachos,o número de cachos planta-1 e aprodutividade. A poda estimulou o crescimento e produção do pinhão-manso. O incremento na adubação fosfatada elevou a produtividade de pinhão-manso, alcançando uma estabilidade a partir da dose de 150 g ha-1 de P2O5. A cultura de Pinhão-manso pode ser considerada uma espécie que responde à adubação fosfatada

Biofilm Production and In Vitro Susceptibility to Disinfectants of Staphylococcus Coagulase Positive Isolated from Bovine Milk

Background: Mastitis is one of the diseases that cause damage to dairy cattle, and coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CPS), are its main etiological agents. The production of biofilms gives these microorganisms a physiological advantage, being an important virulence factor, as it confers their resistance to the action of disinfectants used in hygiene procedures. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of CPS, isolated from milk samples from cases of bovine subclinical mastitis in the Alagoas dairy basin, biofilm production and its sensitivity to disinfectant agents used before and after dipping.Materials, Methods & Results: In the Alagoas Milk Basin Region, 10 properties were selected from the municipalities of Batalha, Cacimbinhas, Major Isidoro and Minador do Negrão, which used a mechanical milking system and supplied milk to a dairy under federal inspection. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was performed on 1155 cows. The animals diagnosed with subclinical mastitis were classified as: mild (+); moderate (++) and severe (+++). CMT positive samples were collected from 2+, totaling 891 samples. After cleaning the papillary ostium, 2 to 5 mL of milk was collected from each fourth breast before milking began. Subsequently, 0.5 µL of each sample was streak plated by exhaustion on 5% Sheep Blood Agar and incubated at 37°C, with readings at 24 and 48 h. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the colonies, catalase and coagulase test were evaluated. Biofilm formation was determined by the microplate adhesion test. The efficacy of the sanitizers was evaluated with the active ingredients: lactic acid (2%), allantoin (0.05%), iodine (0.5%), chlorhexidine (2.0%), chlorine (2.5%), at times 15, 30 and 60 seconds. It was observed that 91.2% of the samples were able to form biofilm; Of these, 22.2%, 29.6% and 48.2% were strong, moderate and weak producers, respectively. The sensitivity profile of chlorhexidine isolates was 79.73%, 80.41% and 83.78%; iodine was 59.46%, 65.54% and 66.22% sensitivity over the evaluated time. For allantoin, the isolates presented sensitivity of 22.30%, 27.03% and 37.74%, for lactic acid, 18.92%, 20.95% and 22.30% of the samples were sensitive, and to chlorine, 12.6%, 15.58% and 17.57% of the isolates were sensitive. Moreover, it was observed that the longer the exposure to the disinfectant, the greater the effectiveness of the same.Discussion: The results are in line with literature data. Staphylococcus spp. from milk samples of animals with subclinical mastitis are able to form biofilm, thus being an important virulence factor. The heterogeneity regarding the biofilm production potential of the isolates is due to the different species of Staphylococcus spp. that, through distinct mechanisms, triggers a greater or lesser formation of this virulent factor, as well as having their adhesion tested, end up becoming more strongly attached to the plate. Among the disinfectants tested, it was confirmed that chlorhexidine and iodine are more effective than SCP, which tend to have high levels of sensitivity to these disinfectants. However, although chlorhexidine was more sensitive to SCP, its use in the field should be done with caution, as its effectiveness may be reduced in the presence of chlorinated water or excess organic matter. It is concluded that SCP isolates from bovine milk from subclinical mastitis mammary quarters were able to produce biofilms. These isolates were also in vitro sensitive to chlorhexidine and iodine, but periodic evaluation of the efficacy of disinfectants used before and after milking is necessary

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Effects of conditional conservatism due to economic crisis on the investiment of brazilian public firms

This research aimed to identify the influence of accounting conservatism on the level of investments by traded companies due to the Brazilian economic crisis of 2014-2017. The research was based on an empirical analysis through the collection of information on non-financial public firms, listed in Brazil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3 ), during the period of 2010 to 2018. Basu model was adjusted to measure the effect of the Brazilian economic crisis on the conditional conservatism of firms. Then, using that model, the influence of the companies’ accounting conservatism level on investments in Property, Plant, and Equipment (PP&E) was verified. The results indicate that in periods of local economic crisis, companies anticipate future losses by increasing the level of conservatism. This behavior, however, was not able to mitigate the effects of the crisis that negatively influenced the level of investments in PP&E made by Brazilian companies. In addition, it has been observed that more conservative companies significantly reduce their investments in crisis times. These findings become relevant to investors as they may consider more conservative behavior in firms’ future investments. It is also worth mentioning that the results of the research can help government policies in the sense that public managers seek actions that enable companies to invest, minimizing the negative effects of the crisis and allowing faster economic growth