Biochemical profile, eating habits, and telomere length among Brazilian children and adolescents

Objectives: Lifestyle, obesity, and eating habits are emerging as determinants for the instability of telomeres. The increase in childhood and adolescent obesity and the association of biochemical profiles and dietary components with telomere length (TL) makes it an important issue in nutritional research. The aim of the present study was to investigate TL and its association with ethnic background, adiposity, clinical and biochemical parameters, and dietary patterns among Brazilian children and adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study encompassing 981 children and adolescents between 7 and 17 y of age was performed. Dietary intake habits, anthropometry, and clinical data were collected. TL analysis was performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Children presented significantly longer TL than adolescents (P = 0.046). Participants who self-declared as black, mulatto, or brown (P < 0.001) also showed longer TL than those who were white. Regarding biochemical parameters, individuals with altered glucose levels had shorter TL than normoglycemic participants in the total sample (P = 0.014). Such difference remained statistically significant in adolescents (P = 0.019). Participants who reported eating fruits and vegetables regularly had longer TL than those who did not (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The results suggested that both biochemical parameters and the intake of antioxidant-rich food, such as fruits and vegetables, are associated with the stability of telomere biology among young Brazilians

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Extreme Pollination Mutualisms: Natural History And Evolutionary Trends [mutualismos Extremos De Polinização: História Natural E Tendências Evolutivas]

Mutualistic interactions are spread in all ecossystems and are being increasingly regarded important in creating and maintaining the biodiversity in different environments. Our revision aims to discuss about specialization and evolution in pollination systems in the context of mutualism theory. We illustrate this discussion with four of the most well-studied examples of specialized pollination. The concept of mutualism has changed through history, being nowadays considered as an exploitation relationship with net benefits to all interacting species. In this scenario, the mutualistic interactions can be grouped into two categories: (1) facultative - when there is no exclusive dependence between species; and (2) obligatory - when the interacting species cannot survive outside of the relationship. Some interactions under the obligatory mutualism seem to have high degree of specialization and exclusivity between partners, being called extreme mutualisms. Here, we discuss the following potentially extreme pollination mutualism: (I) long corolla flowers and the hawk moths of Sphingidae family, (II) figs and fig-wasps, (III) yuccas and yucca-moths, and (IV) malesof Euglossini bees and orchids. Then, we discuss the underlying possible evolutionary process leading to the current scenario of such specialized relationships is presented. Although some high specialized species-specific pollination interaction can potently exist, in general, in the discussed exemples, these relationships seem to have evolved under diffuse selection pressure. Such pattern lead to functional group formation that, although highly dependent on the interaction allow its components to vary across time and space. Finally, we suggest that further studies on pollination mutualistic interactions should consider scales (space and time) and the context investigated, which mean whether they are using a taxonomic, functional or evolutionary point of view, or even a combination of them.162297310Ackerman, J.D., Geographic and seasonal variation in fragrance choices and preferences of male Euglossine bees (1989) Biotropica, 21, pp. 340-347. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388284Agosta, S.J., Janzen, D.H., Body size distributions of large Costa Rican dry forest moths and the underlying relationship between plant and pollinator morphology (2005) Oikos, 108, pp. 183-193. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13504.xAgostini, K., Sazima, M., Sazima, I., Bird pollination of explosive flowers while foraging for nectar and caterpillars (2006) Biotropica, 38, pp. 674-678. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00191.xBaker, H.G., Ficus and Blastophaga (1961) Evolution, 15, pp. 378-379. , 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Costa Rica (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Phyllocnistinae) (2009) ZooKeys, 27, pp. 7-30. , http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.27.250Kjellberg, F., Jousselin, E., Bronstein, J.L., Patel, A., Yokoyama, J., Rasplus, J.Y., Pollination mode in fig wasps: The predictive power of correlated traits (2001) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 268, pp. 1113-1121. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1633Leimar, O., Axen, A.H., Strategic behaviour in an interspecific mutualism: Interactions between lycaenid larvae and ants (1993) Animal Behaviour, 46, pp. 1177-1182. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1993.1307Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Niklas, W., Kjer, K.M., Weiblen, G.D., Rasplus, J.Y., McHado, C.A., Cook, J.M., Molecular dating and biogeography of fig-pollinating wasps (2009) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, pp. 715-726. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.028McHado, C.A., Jousselin, E., Kjellberg, F., Compton, S.G., Herre, E.A., Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps (2001) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, 268, pp. 685-694. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1418McHado, C.A., Robbins, N., Thomas, M., Gilbert, P., Herre, E.A., Critical review of host specificity and its coevolutionary implications in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism (2005) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, pp. 6558-6565. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0501840102May, R.M., Models for two interacting populations (1973) Theoretical Ecology, pp. 49-70+257. , In: R. M. May (ed.). W. B. Saunders, PhiladelphiaNilsson, L.A., The evolution of flowers with deep corolla tubes (1988) Nature, 334, pp. 147-149. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/334147a0Nilsson, L.A., Jonsson, L., Ralison, L., Randrianjohany, E., Angraecoid Orchids and Hawkmoths in Central Madagascar: Specialized Pollination Systems and Generalist Foragers (1987) Biotropica, 19, pp. 310-318. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388628Pellmyr, O., Pollinating seed eaters: Why is active pollination so rare? 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Amazonian Stingless Bees Protect Meliponaries Against Robber Bees [abelhas-sem-ferrão Amazônicas Defendem Meliponários Contra Saques De Outras Abelhas]

Among eusocial bees, two genera evolved a cleptobiotic life strategy, stealing food resources from other bee nest instead of collecting it from flowers. Under natural conditions there is a gradient of strategies against robbing, from more susceptible to highly resistant species. In this work, we describe one attack of the robber bee Lestrimelitta rufipes to a nest of Scaptotrigona sp. in the Amazon Rain Forest (Amazonas, Brazil). The attacked nest was introduced in a beekeeping area with bees already known to be resistant to cleptobiosis. The resident bees (Duckeola ghilianii and Melipona fulva) counter-attacked the robber bees and successfully protect the Scaptotrigona sp. nest. The presence of the defensive behaviour in unrelated genera suggests it evolved many times in social bees. Based on the protective behaviour described here, we suggest that in order to reduce the damage caused by Lestrimelitta attacks in Amazonian beekeeping, a combination of defensive and non-resistant bees should be considered.433389394Bego, L.R., Zucchi, R., Mateus, S., Notas sobre a estratégia alimentar (cleptobiose) de Lestrimelitta limao Smith (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponinae) (1991) Naturalia, 16, pp. 119-127Blum, M.S., Crewe, R.M., Kerr, W.E., Keith, L.E., Garrison, A.W.E., Walker, M.M., Citral in stingless bees: Isolation and functions in trail-laying and robbing (1970) Journal of Insect Physiology, 16, pp. 1637-1648Francke, W., Lubke, G., Schoder, W., Reckziegel, A., ImperatrizFonseca, V., Kleinert, A., Engels, E., Engels, W., Identification of oxygen containing volatiles in cephalic secretions of workers of Brazilian stingless bees (2000) Brazilian Journal of Chemistry Society, 11 (6), pp. 562-571Freeman, S., Herron, J.C., (2009) Análise Evolutiva., p. 848. , 4a. edição, editora ArtmedGrüter, C., Menezes, C., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L., Ratnieks, F.L.W., A morphologically specialized soldier caste improves colony defense in a neotropical eusocial bee (2012) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 (4), pp. 1182-1186Michener, C.D., (1974) The social behavior of the bees: A comparative study., pp. 9+404. , Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USANogueira-Neto, P., (1997) Vida e criação de abelhas indígenas sem ferrão., p. 446. , Nogueirapis, São PauloPompeu, M.S., Silveira, F.A., Reaction of Melipona rufiventris Lepeletier to citral and against an attack by the cleptobiotic bee Lestrimelitta limao (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponina) (2005) Brazilian Journal of Biology, 65 (1), pp. 189-191Roubik, D.W., (1989) Ecology and natural history of tropical bees., p. 516. , Cambridge University Press, New York, USASakagami, S.F.E., Laroca, S., Additional observations on the habits of the cleptobiotic stingless bees, the genus Lestrimelitta Friese (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) (1963) Journal of the Faculty of Science, 15, pp. 319-339Sakagami, S.F., Roubik, D.W.E., Zucchi, R., Ethology of the robber stingless bee, Lestrimelitta limao (Hymenoptera, Apidae) (1993) Sociobiology, 21, pp. 237-277Santana, W.C., Freitas, G.S., Akatsu, I.P., Espencer, A.S.E., (2004) Abelha Iratim (Lestrimelitta limao Smith: Apidae, Meliponinae), realmente é danosa às populações de abelhas?, p. 78. , Necessita ser eliminada? Mensagem DoceWittmann, D., Radtke, R., Zeil, J., Lubke, G., Francke, W., Robber bees (Lestrimelitta limao) and their host chemical and visual cues in nest defense by Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula (Apidae: Meliponinae) (1990) Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16 (2), pp. 631-64

Aspects Of The Reproductive Biology Of Brassavola Cebolleta Rchb.f. (orchidaceae) [aspectos Da Biologia Reprodutiva De Brassavola Cebolleta Rchb. F. (orchidaceae)]

This survey assessed some aspects of the reproductive biology of Brassavola cebolleta Rchb. f. (Orchidaceae) in the Municipality of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Floral biology, breeding systems, floral visitors and seed germination were analyzed. Differential success and fruit production rate were calculated. Pollination system indicated the pollen vector dependence and absence of pre-zygotic barriers related to selfincompatibility. Pollination occurred at night, being the potential pollen vector a Lepidoptera-Notodontidae of the genus Hemiceras. Differential success of male was 19%, female 9%, and the rate of effective fructification was 6.3%. Fruits produced after pollinator visits were larger than those generated by manual cross pollination, and despite the lower number of potentially viable seeds produced by the first, they presented a higher germination rate in asymbiotic media. 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