Osteosarcoma de tipo compuesto: relato de caso

  Osteosarcoma is considered the most common bone tumor in dogs, usually affecting the appendicular skeleton of animals adults or seniors with an average age of seven years. The etiology of canine appendicular osteosarcoma remains unknown. Some factors predispose the animals to the emergence of neoplasia, including: size, race and family. The tumor can be classified by macroscopic and radiological features in simple, compound, or pleomorphic. This article is a case report of osteosarcoma of the composite type with metastases in the pericardium, lung, pleura, intercostal muscles, liver and kidney in a dog breed Labrador Retriver. This presents the history of the animal, which together with the necropsy findings and histopathological examination confirmed the cause of death. We conclude that histopathological examination is an important tool for classify tumor depending on the cellular pattern and identifying the presence metastases in the different organs collected.El osteossarcoma es considerado el tumor óseo más común en perros, afecta principalmente el esqueleto apendicular de animales adultos o seniles, con edad media de siete años. La etiología del osteossarcoma apendicular canino aún permanece desconocida. Algunos factores predisponen al surgimiento de esta neoplasia, tales como: tamaño, raza y familia. La neoplasia puede ser clasificada por las características macroscópicas y radiológicas en simple, compuesta o pleomórfica. El presente artículo es un relato de caso de osteossarcoma de tipo compuesto con metástasis en pericardio, pulmón, pleura, músculos intercostales, hígado y riñones en una perra de raza Labrador Retriver. En este, se describe la historia clínica del animal, que junto con las alteraciones observadas en la necropsia y el examen histopatológico confirmaron la causa de la muerte. Se concluye que el examen histopatológico es importante para clasificar el tumor por su patrón celular e identificar la presencia de metástasis en los diferentes órganos colectados

Tratamiento quirúrgico de discopatía cervical relato de caso

  The most common cause of spinal cord injury in dogs is intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) or herniated disc, intervertebral disc disease is caused by disc extrusion into the spinal canal. The following is a case report of an IVDD in adult dog that said neck stiffness and intense pain for cervical movement .Cervical spine radiographs were taken in lateral-lateral projection, observing reduction in the intervertebral space between C3 and C4. Instituted drug treatment without satisfactory outcome. In order to determine the exact location of injury the animal was subject to positive contrast radiological examination of spinal canal (myelography), witch where can display the flow lockout contrast between C3 and C4. The animal was referred for spinal decompression surgery for ventral fenestration technique. Removed the calcified intervertebral disc allowing the spinal cord assume normal position. Conclude that surgical treatment was successful, with a significant clinical evolution; during neurological assessment, the animal was found alert, active, without neck pain, or difficulty in movement.  La causa más común de lesión en la médula espinal de los perros es la enfermedad de disco intervertebral (EDIV) o hernia de disco; esta discopatía intervertebral es causada por la extrusión del material discal en el interior del canal medular. El siguiente es un relato de caso de EDIV en un perro adulto que manifestó rigidez cervical e intenso dolor al movimiento cervical. Radiografías de la región cervical fueron tomadas en proyección latero-lateral, observando reducción del espacio intervertebral entre C3 y C4. Fui instituido tratamiento farmacológico sin evolución satisfactoria. Con el fin de determinar laubicación exacta de la lesión, el animal fue sometido a examen radiológico de contraste positivo del canal medular (mielografía), evidenciando bloqueo del flujo de contraste entre C3 y C4. El animal fue encaminado para cirugía de descomprensión medular por la técnica de fenestración ventral. Se removió el disco calcificado del espacio intervertebral permitiendo a la médula asumir su posición normal. Se concluye que el tratamiento quirúrgico fue satisfactorio, con una evolución clínica significativa; durante lavaloración neurológica, el animal se observó alerta, activo, sin manifestar dolor cervical, ni dificultad en sus movimientos

Criocirugía en el tratamiento de carcinoma de células escamosas en perro

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of most common malignant skin tumors in dogs, locally invasive and can affect dermis and hypodermis. Older animals are usually affects and no racial predisposition. Productive, friable and papillary growth tumor can have, or may be erosive lesion formation with ulcerated an anywhere of skin, trunk are the most frequent local, leg, scrotum, lips and bed nail too frequently affect. Treatment by surgical excision with wide margins and cryosurgery can be performed and associated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The objective of this report is describe effective treatment in a mix breed male canine, aged six years and weighing 22 kg with cytologic and histopathologic diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in the pelvic limb, which were initially held four sessions of cryosurgery and after the recovery of the patient, four sessions of intravenously chemotherapy was performed. We conclude that therapy with cryosurgery was satisfactory against this neoplasm.El carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) es uno de los tumores cutáneos malignos más comunes en perros; son localmente invasivos y pueden comprometer la dermis e hipodermis. Generalmente afecta animales seniles y no existe predisposición por raza. El tumor puede realizar un crecimiento productivo, friable y papilar; o puede ser erosivo con formación de lesión ulcerada. Ocurre en cualquier lugar de la piel, siendo los sitios con más frecuencia: el tronco, la pierna, el escroto, los labios y el lecho ungueal. El tratamiento por la escisión quirúrgica con margen amplia y la criocirugía pueden ser realizados y asociados al tratamiento quimioterapéutico y la radioterapia. El objetivo de este relato es describir el tratamiento eficaz en un canino mestizo, macho, con seis años de edad y 22 kg de peso vivo, con diagnóstico cito e histopatológico de carcinoma de células escamosas en el miembro pélvico, donde fueron realizadas inicialmente cuatro sesiones de criocirugía y después de la recuperación del paciente, se efectuó la quimioterapia antineoplásica por vía intravenosa por cuatro sesiones. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos y después de 30 meses de terapia se concluye que la criocirugía fue una técnica eficaz para la cura de este tipo de neoplasia..

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

SummaryBackground The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Constraints on the χ_(c1) versus χ_(c2) polarizations in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The polarizations of promptly produced χ_(c1) and χ_(c2) mesons are studied using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV. The χ_c states are reconstructed via their radiative decays χ_c → J/ψγ, with the photons being measured through conversions to e⁺e⁻, which allows the two states to be well resolved. The polarizations are measured in the helicity frame, through the analysis of the χ_(c2) to χ_(c1) yield ratio as a function of the polar or azimuthal angle of the positive muon emitted in the J/ψ → μ⁺μ⁻ decay, in three bins of J/ψ transverse momentum. While no differences are seen between the two states in terms of azimuthal decay angle distributions, they are observed to have significantly different polar anisotropies. The measurement favors a scenario where at least one of the two states is strongly polarized along the helicity quantization axis, in agreement with nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics predictions. This is the first measurement of significantly polarized quarkonia produced at high transverse momentum

Rhodolith Beds Are Major CaCO3 Bio-Factories in the Tropical South West Atlantic

Rhodoliths are nodules of non-geniculate coralline algae that occur in shallow waters (<150 m depth) subjected to episodic disturbance. Rhodolith beds stand with kelp beds, seagrass meadows, and coralline algal reefs as one of the world's four largest macrophyte-dominated benthic communities. Geographic distribution of rhodolith beds is discontinuous, with large concentrations off Japan, Australia and the Gulf of California, as well as in the Mediterranean, North Atlantic, eastern Caribbean and Brazil. Although there are major gaps in terms of seabed habitat mapping, the largest rhodolith beds are purported to occur off Brazil, where these communities are recorded across a wide latitudinal range (2°N - 27°S). To quantify their extent, we carried out an inter-reefal seabed habitat survey on the Abrolhos Shelf (16°50′ - 19°45′S) off eastern Brazil, and confirmed the most expansive and contiguous rhodolith bed in the world, covering about 20,900 km2. Distribution, extent, composition and structure of this bed were assessed with side scan sonar, remotely operated vehicles, and SCUBA. The mean rate of CaCO3 production was estimated from in situ growth assays at 1.07 kg m−2 yr−1, with a total production rate of 0.025 Gt yr−1, comparable to those of the world's largest biogenic CaCO3 deposits. These gigantic rhodolith beds, of areal extent equivalent to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, are a critical, yet poorly understood component of the tropical South Atlantic Ocean. Based on the relatively high vulnerability of coralline algae to ocean acidification, these beds are likely to experience a profound restructuring in the coming decades

Telomerase promoter mutations in cancer: an emerging molecular biomarker?

João Vinagre, Vasco Pinto and Ricardo Celestino contributed equally to the manuscript.Cell immortalization has been considered for a long time as a classic hallmark of cancer cells. Besides telomerase reactivation, such immortalization could be due to telomere maintenance through the “alternative mechanism of telomere lengthening” (ALT) but the mechanisms underlying both forms of reactivation remained elusive. Mutations in the coding region of telomerase gene are very rare in the cancer setting, despite being associated with some degenerative diseases. Recently, mutations in telomerase (TERT) gene promoter were found in sporadic and familial melanoma and subsequently in several cancer models, notably in gliomas, thyroid cancer and bladder cancer. The importance of these findings has been reinforced by the association of TERT mutations in some cancer types with tumour aggressiveness and patient survival. In the first part of this review, we summarize the data on the biology of telomeres and telomerase, available methodological approaches and non-neoplastic diseases associated with telomere dysfunction. In the second part, we review the information on telomerase expression and genetic alterations in the most relevant types of cancer (skin, thyroid, bladder and central nervous system) on record, and discuss the value of telomerase as a new biomarker with impact on the prognosis and survival of the patients and as a putative therapeutic target

Micromechanical Properties of Injection-Molded Starch–Wood Particle Composites

The micromechanical properties of injection molded starch–wood particle composites were investigated as a function of particle content and humidity conditions. The composite materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. The microhardness of the composites was shown to increase notably with the concentration of the wood particles. In addition,creep behavior under the indenter and temperature dependence were evaluated in terms of the independent contribution of the starch matrix and the wood microparticles to the hardness value. The influence of drying time on the density and weight uptake of the injection-molded composites was highlighted. The results revealed the role of the mechanism of water evaporation, showing that the dependence of water uptake and temperature was greater for the starch–wood composites than for the pure starch sample. Experiments performed during the drying process at 70°C indicated that the wood in the starch composites did not prevent water loss from the samples.Peer reviewe

Combined searches for the production of supersymmetric top quark partners in proton–proton collisions at √s=13Te

A combination of searches for top squark pair production using proton–proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137fb$^{-1}$ collected by the CMS experiment, is presented. Signatures with at least 2 jets and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with 0, 1, or 2 leptons. New results for regions of parameter space where the kinematical properties of top squark pair production and top quark pair production are very similar are presented. Depending on the model, the combined result excludes a top squark mass up to 1325GeV for a massless neutralino, and a neutralino mass up to 700GeV for a top squark mass of 1150GeV. Top squarks with masses from 145 to 295GeV, for neutralino masses from 0 to 100GeV, with a mass difference between the top squark and the neutralino in a window of 30GeV around the mass of the top quark, are excluded for the first time with CMS data. The results of theses searches are also interpreted in an alternative signal model of dark matter production via a spin-0 mediator in association with a top quark pair. Upper limits are set on the cross section for mediator particle masses of up to 420GeV