Indagació basada en la modelització : un marc per al treball pràctic

Malgrat la rellevància que la recerca en didàctica de les ciències sembla donar a l'ensenyament de les ciències basat en la indagació, molts autors afirmen que aquest ti-pus de pràctica educativa no ha arribat a uns nivells de qualitat acceptable en la seva im-plementació a l'aula. La gran varietat d'interpretacions que se li dóna al terme indagació i la desconnexió d'aquestes amb altres aspectes rellevants de la didàctica de les ciències com la modelització són algunes de les causes que explicarien aquest fet. El present arti-cle pretén introduir un marc específic per a la indagació, el de la indagació basada en la modelització, per tal d'orientar el treball pràctic a l'aula de ciències.Despite the importance that research in science education seems to give to inquiry-based science education, many authors claim that this type of educational practice has not reached acceptable levels of quality in its classroom implementation. The variety of inter-pretations given to the term inquiry and their disconnetion with other relevant aspects of science education such as modeling are some of the reasons that explain this situation. This article aims to introduce a specific framework for inquiry, the inquiry-based modeling to guide the practical work in the science classroom

Interacció llum-matèria i efecte hivernacle : seqüència didàctica per a l'estudi de l'espectroscòpia

Treball que correspon a les pràctiques que es fan als tallers REVIR organitzats pel CRECIM de la UAB. La seqüència pretén que l'alumnat de 1r i 2n de Batxillerat assoleixi una major comprensió de la interacció entre la radiació electromagnètica i la matèria. El punt de partida és un fenomen tan conegut com és l'efecte hivernacle, que porta a plantejar la pregunta: Com es pot explicar, des d'un punt de vista químic, la diferència entre els gasos que provoquen efecte hivernacle i els que no

Generació d'electricitat en plaques fotovoltaiques : seqüència didàctica per a l'estudi de les plaques fotovoltaiques

Treball que correspon a les pràctiques que es fan als tallers REVIR organitzats pel CRECIM de la UAB. La seqüència pretén que l'alumnat de segon a quart d'ESO assoleixi una major comprensió del fenomen de la generació d'electricitat a partir de plaques fotovoltaiques

Effectiveness of a 10-day melarsoprol schedule for the treatment of late-stage human African trypanosomiasis: confirmation from a multinational study (IMPAMEL II).

BACKGROUND: Treatment of late-stage human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) with melarsoprol can be improved by shortening the regimen. A previous trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of a 10-day treatment schedule. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this schedule in a noncontrolled, multinational drug-utilization study. METHODS: A total of 2020 patients with late-stage HAT were treated with the 10-day melarsoprol schedule in 16 centers in 7 African countries. We assessed outcome on the basis of major adverse events and the cure rate after treatment and during 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: The cure rate 24 h after treatment was 93.9%; 2 years later, it was 86.2%. However, 49.3% of patients were lost to follow-up. The overall fatality rate was 5.9%. Of treated patients, 8.7% had an encephalopathic syndrome that was fatal 45.5% of the time. The rate of severe bullous and maculopapular eruptions was 0.8% and 6.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The 10-day treatment schedule was well implemented in the field and was effective. It reduces treatment duration, drug amount, and hospitalization costs per patient, and it increases treatment-center capacity. The shorter protocol has been recommended by the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control for the treatment of late-stage HAT caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Incorporating scale dependence in disease burden estimates:the case of human African trypanosomiasis in Uganda

The WHO has established the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) as a metric for measuring the burden of human disease and injury globally. However, most DALY estimates have been calculated as national totals. We mapped spatial variation in the burden of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Uganda for the years 2000-2009. This represents the first geographically delimited estimation of HAT disease burden at the sub-country scale.Disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) totals for HAT were estimated based on modelled age and mortality distributions, mapped using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, and summarised by parish and district. While the national total burden of HAT is low relative to other conditions, high-impact districts in Uganda had DALY rates comparable to the national burden rates for major infectious diseases. The calculated average national DALY rate for 2000-2009 was 486.3 DALYs/100 000 persons/year, whereas three districts afflicted by rhodesiense HAT in southeastern Uganda had burden rates above 5000 DALYs/100 000 persons/year, comparable to national GBD 2004 average burden rates for malaria and HIV/AIDS.These results provide updated and improved estimates of HAT burden across Uganda, taking into account sensitivity to under-reporting. Our results highlight the critical importance of spatial scale in disease burden analyses. National aggregations of disease burden have resulted in an implied bias against highly focal diseases for which geographically targeted interventions may be feasible and cost-effective. This has significant implications for the use of DALY estimates to prioritize disease interventions and inform cost-benefit analyses

Effects of growth conditions of donor plants and in vitro culture environment in the viability and the embryogenic response of microspores of different eggplant genotypes

[EN] Notwithstanding the importance of eggplant in global horticulture, doubled haploid production in this species is still far from being efficient. Although acknowledged to have a role in the efficiency of androgenesis induction, factors such as the growth conditions of donor plant or the in vitro culture environment have not been deeply explored or not explored at all in eggplant, which leaves room for further improvement. In this work, we investigated the effects of different in vivo and in vitro parameters on the androgenic performance of different eggplant genotypes, including two hybrids and a DH line. The in vivo parameters included the exposure of donor plants to different temperature and light conditions and to increased levels of boron. The in vitro parameters included the use of different concentrations of NLN medium components, sucrose and growth regulators, and the suspension of microspores at different densities. Our results showed that whereas greenhouse temperature variations or boron application did not to have a positive influence, greenhouse lighting influenced their viability, thereby conditioning the embryogenic response. Changes in different sucrose, salts and hormone levels had different effects in the genotypes studied, which correlated with their genetic constitution. Finally, we determined the best microspore density, different from that previously proposed. Our work shed light on the role of different factors involved in eggplant microspore cultures, some of them not yet studied, contributing to make microspore culture a more efficient tool in eggplant breeding.This work was supported by Grant AGL2017-88135-R to JMSS from Spanish MICINN, respectively, jointly funded by FEDER. ARS and CCF were supported by predoctoral fellowships from the FPI Programs of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and Generalitat Valenciana, respectively.Rivas-Sendra, A.; Corral Martínez, P.; Camacho-Fernández, C.; Porcel, R.; Seguí-Simarro, JM. (2020). Effects of growth conditions of donor plants and in vitro culture environment in the viability and the embryogenic response of microspores of different eggplant genotypes. Euphytica. 216(11):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-020-02709-4S11521611Abdollahi MR, Corral-Martinez P, Mousavi A, Salmanian AH, Moieni A, Seguí-Simarro JM (2009) An efficient method for transformation of pre-androgenic, isolated Brassica napus microspores involving microprojectile bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Acta Physiol Plant 31:1313–1317Aulinger IE (2002) Combination of in vitro androgenesis and biolistic transformation: an approach for breeding transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) lines. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, p 115Borderies G, le Bechec M, Rossignol M, Lafitte C, Le Deunff E, Beckert M, Dumas C, Matthys-Rochon E (2004) Characterization of proteins secreted during maize microspore culture: arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) stimulate embryo development. Eur J Cell Biol 83:205–212Bueno MA, Gómez A, Sepúlveda F, Seguí-Simarro JM, Testillano PS, Manzanera JA, Risueño MC (2003) Microspore-derived embryos from Quercus suber anthers mimic zygotic embryos and maintain haploidy in long-term anther culture. J Plant Physiol 160:953–960Camacho-Fernández C, Hervás D, Rivas-Sendra A, Marín MP, Seguí-Simarro JM (2018) Comparison of six different methods to calculate cell densities. Plant Methods 14:30Chambonnet D (1988) Production of haploid eggplant plants. Bulletin interne de la Station d’Amélioration des Plantes Maraichères d’Avignon-Montfavet, France, pp 1–10Corral-Martínez P, Seguí-Simarro JM (2012) Efficient production of callus-derived doubled haploids through isolated microspore culture in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Euphytica 187:47–61Corral-Martínez P, Seguí-Simarro JM (2014) Refining the method for eggplant microspore culture: effect of abscisic acid, epibrassinolide, polyethylene glycol, naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and arabinogalactan proteins. Euphytica 195:369–382Custers J (2003) Microspore culture in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). In: Maluszynski M, Kasha KJ, Forster BP, Szarejko I (eds) Doubled haploid production in crop plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 185–193Dunwell JM (1976) A comparative study of environmental and developmental factors which influence embryo induction and growth in cultured anthers of Nicotiana tabacum. Environ Exp Bot 16:109–118Dunwell JM (2010) Haploids in flowering plants: origins and exploitation. Plant Biotechnol J 8:377–424Dutta SS, Pale G, Pattanayak A, Aochen C, Pandey A, Rai M (2017) Effect of low light intensity on key traits and genotypes of hilly rice (Oryza sativa) germplasm. J Exp Biol Agric Sci 5:463–471Esteves P, Clermont I, Marchand S, Belzile F (2014) Improving the efficiency of isolated microspore culture in six-row spring barley: II-exploring novel growth regulators to maximize embryogenesis and reduce albinism. Plant Cell Rep 33:871–879 (in press)Gaillard A, Vergne P, Beckerte M (1991) Optimization of maize microspore isolation and culture conditions for reliable plant regeneration. Plant Cell Rep 10:55–58Höfer M (2004) In vitro androgenesis in apple—improvement of the induction phase. Plant Cell Rep 22:365–370Jouannic S, Champion A, Seguí-Simarro JM, Salimova E, Picaud A, Tregear J, Testillano P, Risueno MC, Simanis V, Kreis M, Henry Y (2001) The protein kinases AtMAP3Kepsilon1 and BnMAP3Kepsilon1 are functional homologues of S. pombe cdc7p and may be involved in cell division. Plant J 26:637–649Kim M, Jang I-C, Kim J-A, Park E-J, Yoon M, Lee Y (2008) Embryogenesis and plant regeneration of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) through isolated microspore culture. Plant Cell Rep 27:425–434Kim M, Park E-J, An D, Lee Y (2013) High-quality embryo production and plant regeneration using a two-step culture system in isolated microspore cultures of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 112:191–201Lantos C, Juhasz AG, Vagi P, Mihaly R, Kristof Z, Pauk J (2012) Androgenesis induction in microspore culture of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Biotechnol Rep 6:123–132Liu L, Huang L, Li Y (2013) Influence of boric acid and sucrose on the germination and growth of areca pollen. Am J Plant Sci 4:1669–1674Miyoshi K (1996) Callus induction and plantlet formation through culture of isolated microspores of eggplant (Solanum melongena L). Plant Cell Rep 15:391–395Paire A, Devaux P, Lafitte C, Dumas C, Matthys-Rochon E (2003) Proteins produced by barley microspores and their derived androgenic structures promote in vitro zygotic maize embryo formation. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 73:167–176Parra-Vega V, Seguí-Simarro JM (2013) Improvement of an isolated microspore culture protocol for Spanish sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In: Lanteri S, Rotino GL (eds) Breakthroughs in the genetics and breeding of Capsicum and Eggplant. Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy, pp 161–168Peñaloza P, Toloza P (2018) Boron increases pollen quality, pollination, and fertility of different genetic lines of pepper. J Plant Nutr 41:969–979Rivas-Sendra A, Corral-Martínez P, Camacho-Fernández C, Seguí-Simarro JM (2015) Improved regeneration of eggplant doubled haploids from microspore-derived calli through organogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 122:759–765Rivas-Sendra A, Calabuig-Serna A, Seguí-Simarro JM (2017a) Dynamics of calcium during in vitro microspore embryogenesis and in vivo microspore development in Brassica napus and Solanum melongena. Front Plant Sci 8:1177Rivas-Sendra A, Campos-Vega M, Calabuig-Serna A, Seguí-Simarro JM (2017b) Development and characterization of an eggplant (Solanum melongena) doubled haploid population and a doubled haploid line with high androgenic response. Euphytica 213:89Rivas-Sendra A, Corral-Martínez P, Porcel R, Camacho-Fernández C, Calabuig-Serna A, Seguí-Simarro JM (2019) Embryogenic competence of microspores is associated with their ability to form a callosic, osmoprotective subintinal layer. J Exp Bot 70:1267–1281Robert HS, Grunewald W, Sauer M, Cannoot B, Soriano M, Swarup R, Weijers D, Bennett M, Boutilier K, Friml J (2015) Plant embryogenesis requires AUX/LAX-mediated auxin influx. Development 142:702–711Rotino GL (1996) Haploidy in eggplant. In: Jain SM, Sopory SK, Veilleux RE (eds) In vitro haploid production in higher plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 115–141Salas P, Prohens J, Seguí-Simarro JM (2011) Evaluation of androgenic competence through anther culture in common eggplant and related species. Euphytica 182:261–274Salas P, Rivas-Sendra A, Prohens J, Seguí-Simarro JM (2012) Influence of the stage for anther excision and heterostyly in embryogenesis induction from eggplant anther cultures. Euphytica 184:235–250Satpute G, Long H, Seguí-Simarro JM, Risueño MC, Testillano PS (2005) Cell architecture during gametophytic and embryogenic microspore development in Brassica napus. Acta Physiol Plant 27:665–674Saxena N, Johansen C (1987) Adaptation of chickpea and pigeonpea to abiotic stresses. Proceedings of the consultants’ workshop held at ICRISAT Center, India, 19–21 December 1984, ICRISAT, Patancheru, IndiaSeguí-Simarro JM (2010) Androgenesis revisited. Bot Rev 76:377–404Seguí-Simarro JM (2016) Androgenesis in solanaceae. In: Germanà MA, Lambardi M (eds) In vitro embryogenesis. Springer, New York, pp 209–244Seguí-Simarro JM, Nuez F (2008) How microspores transform into haploid embryos: changes associated with embryogenesis induction and microspore-derived embryogenesis. Physiol Plant 134:1–12Seguí-Simarro JM, Corral-Martínez P, Parra-Vega V, González-García B (2011) Androgenesis in recalcitrant solanaceous crops. Plant Cell Rep 30:765–778Sinha R, Eudes F (2015) Dimethyl tyrosine conjugated peptide prevents oxidative damage and death of triticale and wheat microspores. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 122(1):227–237Supena EDJ, Suharsono S, Jacobsen E, Custers JBM (2006) Successful development of a shed-microspore culture protocol for doubled haploid production in Indonesian hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Cell Rep 25:1–10Touraev A, Heberle-Bors E (2003) Anther and microspore culture in tobacco. In: Maluszynski M, Kasha KJ, Forster BP, Szarejko I (eds) Doubled haploid production in crop plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 223–228Touraev A, Ilham A, Vicente O, Heberle-Bors E (1996a) Stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in tobacco: an optimized system for molecular studies. Plant Cell Rep 15:561–565Touraev A, Indrianto A, Wratschko I, Vicente O, Heberle-Bors E (1996b) Efficient microspore embryogenesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) induced by starvation at high temperatures. Sex Plant Reprod 9:209–215Tsay H-S (1981) Effects of nitrogen supply to donor plants on pollen embryogenesis in cultured tobacco anthers. 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Optimizing the colour and fabric of targets for the control of the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes

Background: Most cases of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) start with a bite from one of the subspecies of Glossina fuscipes. Tsetse use a range of olfactory and visual stimuli to locate their hosts and this response can be exploited to lure tsetse to insecticide-treated targets thereby reducing transmission. To provide a rational basis for cost-effective designs of target, we undertook studies to identify the optimal target colour. Methodology/Principal Findings: On the Chamaunga islands of Lake Victoria , Kenya, studies were made of the numbers of G. fuscipes fuscipes attracted to targets consisting of a panel (25 cm square) of various coloured fabrics flanked by a panel (also 25 cm square) of fine black netting. Both panels were covered with an electrocuting grid to catch tsetse as they contacted the target. The reflectances of the 37 different-coloured cloth panels utilised in the study were measured spectrophotometrically. Catch was positively correlated with percentage reflectance at the blue (460 nm) wavelength and negatively correlated with reflectance at UV (360 nm) and green (520 nm) wavelengths. The best target was subjectively blue, with percentage reflectances of 3%, 29%, and 20% at 360 nm, 460 nm and 520 nm respectively. The worst target was also, subjectively, blue, but with high reflectances at UV (35% reflectance at 360 nm) wavelengths as well as blue (36% reflectance at 460 nm); the best low UV-reflecting blue caught 3× more tsetse than the high UV-reflecting blue. Conclusions/Significance: Insecticide-treated targets to control G. f. fuscipes should be blue with low reflectance in both the UV and green bands of the spectrum. Targets that are subjectively blue will perform poorly if they also reflect UV strongly. The selection of fabrics for targets should be guided by spectral analysis of the cloth across both the spectrum visible to humans and the UV region

Embryogenic competence of microspores is associated to their ability to form a callosic, osmoprotective subintinal layer

[EN] Microspore embryogenesis is an experimental morphogenic pathway with important applications in basic research and applied plant breeding, but its genetic, cellular, and molecular bases are poorly understood. We applied a multi-disciplinary approach using confocal and electron microscopy, detection of Ca2+, callose, and cellulose, treatments with caffeine, digitonin, and endosidin7, morphometry, qPCR, osmometry, and viability assays in order to study the dynamics of cell wall formation during embryogenesis induction in a high-response rapeseed (Brassica napus) line and two recalcitrant rapeseed and eggplant (Solanum melongena) lines. Formation of a callose-rich subintinal layer (SL) was common to microspore embryogenesis in the different genotypes. However, this process was directly related to embryogenic response, being greater in high-response genotypes. A link could be established between Ca2+ influx, abnormal callose/cellulose deposition, and the genotype-specific embryogenic competence. Callose deposition in inner walls and SLs are independent processes, regulated by different callose synthases. Viability and control of internal osmolality are also related to SL formation. In summary, we identified one of the causes of recalcitrance to embryogenesis induction: a reduced or absent protective SL. In responding genotypes, SLs are markers for changes in cell fate and serve as osmoprotective barriers to increase viability in imbalanced in vitro environments. Genotype-specific differences relate to different responses against abiotic (heat/osmotic) stresses.Thanks are due to the Electron Microscopy Service of Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Marisol Gascon (IBMCP Microscopy Service), Dr Kim Boutilier (WUR, Wageningen) for hosting ARS at her lab, and Dr Samantha Vernhettes (INRA Versailles) for kindly providing us with S4B. This work supported by grants AGL2014-55177-R and AGL2017-88135-R to JMSS from MINECO jointly funded by FEDER.Rivas-Sendra, A.; Corral Martínez, P.; Porcel, R.; Camacho-Fernández, C.; Calabuig-Serna, A.; Seguí-Simarro, JM. (2019). Embryogenic competence of microspores is associated to their ability to form a callosic, osmoprotective subintinal layer. Journal of Experimental Botany. 70(4):1267-1281. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery458S12671281704Abramova, L. I. (2003). Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 50(3), 324-329. doi:10.1023/a:1023866019102Adkar-Purushothama, C. R., Brosseau, C., Giguère, T., Sano, T., Moffett, P., & Perreault, J.-P. (2015). Small RNA Derived from the Virulence Modulating Region of the Potato spindle tuber viroid Silences callose synthase Genes of Tomato Plants. The Plant Cell, 27(8), 2178-2194. doi:10.1105/tpc.15.00523Cordewener, J., Bergervoet, J., & Liu, C.-M. (2000). Changes in Protein Synthesis and Phosphorylation during Microspore Embryogenesis in Brassica napus. Journal of Plant Physiology, 156(2), 156-163. doi:10.1016/s0176-1617(00)80300-4Corral-Martínez, P., García-Fortea, E., Bernard, S., Driouich, A., & Seguí-Simarro, J. M. (2016). Ultrastructural Immunolocalization of Arabinogalactan Protein, Pectin and Hemicellulose Epitopes Through Anther Development inBrassica napus. Plant and Cell Physiology, 57(10), 2161-2174. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcw133Fortes, A. M., Testillano, P. S., Del Carmen Risueño, M., & Pais, M. S. (2002). Studies on callose and cutin during the expression of competence and determination for organogenic nodule formation from internodes of Humulus lupulus var. Nugget. Physiologia Plantarum, 116(1), 113-120. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1160114.xFurch, A. C. U., Hafke, J. B., Schulz, A., & van Bel, A. J. E. (2007). Ca2+-mediated remote control of reversible sieve tube occlusion in Vicia faba. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(11), 2827-2838. doi:10.1093/jxb/erm143Grewal, R. K., Lulsdorf, M., Croser, J., Ochatt, S., Vandenberg, A., & Warkentin, T. D. (2009). Doubled-haploid production in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): role of stress treatments. Plant Cell Reports, 28(8), 1289-1299. doi:10.1007/s00299-009-0731-1Hoekstra, S., van Bergen, S., van Brouwershaven, I. ., Schilperoort, R. ., & Wang, M. (1997). Androgenesis in Hordeum vulgare L.: Effects of mannitol, calcium and abscisic acid on anther pretreatment. Plant Science, 126(2), 211-218. doi:10.1016/s0168-9452(97)00096-4Hong, Z., Delauney, A. J., & Verma, D. P. S. (2001). A Cell Plate–Specific Callose Synthase and Its Interaction with Phragmoplastin. The Plant Cell, 13(4), 755-768. doi:10.1105/tpc.13.4.755Jacobs, A. K., Lipka, V., Burton, R. A., Panstruga, R., Strizhov, N., Schulze-Lefert, P., & Fincher, G. B. (2003). An Arabidopsis Callose Synthase, GSL5, Is Required for Wound and Papillary Callose Formation. The Plant Cell, 15(11), 2503-2513. doi:10.1105/tpc.016097Jacquard, C., Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre, F., Devaux, P., Boutilier, K., Baillieul, F., & Clément, C. (2008). Microspore embryogenesis in barley: anther pre-treatment stimulates plant defence gene expression. Planta, 229(2), 393-402. doi:10.1007/s00425-008-0838-6Jensen, W. A. (1968). Cotton embryogenesis: The zygote. Planta, 79(4), 346-366. doi:10.1007/bf00386917Joosen, R., Cordewener, J., Supena, E. D. J., Vorst, O., Lammers, M., Maliepaard, C., … Boutilier, K. (2007). Combined Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Identifies Pathways and Markers Associated with the Establishment of Rapeseed Microspore-Derived Embryo Development. Plant Physiology, 144(1), 155-172. doi:10.1104/pp.107.098723KAY, R., CHAN, A., DALY, M., & MCPHERSON, J. (1987). Duplication of CaMV 35S Promoter Sequences Creates a Strong Enhancer for Plant Genes. Science, 236(4806), 1299-1302. doi:10.1126/science.236.4806.1299Ochatt, S., Pech, C., Grewal, R., Conreux, C., Lulsdorf, M., & Jacas, L. (2009). Abiotic stress enhances androgenesis from isolated microspores of some legume species (Fabaceae). Journal of Plant Physiology, 166(12), 1314-1328. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2009.01.011Park, E., Díaz-Moreno, S. M., Davis, D. J., Wilkop, T. E., Bulone, V., & Drakakaki, G. (2014). Endosidin 7 Specifically Arrests Late Cytokinesis and Inhibits Callose Biosynthesis, Revealing Distinct Trafficking Events during Cell Plate Maturation. Plant Physiology, 165(3), 1019-1034. doi:10.1104/pp.114.241497Parra-Vega, V., Corral-Martínez, P., Rivas-Sendra, A., & Seguí-Simarro, J. M. (2015). Induction of Embryogenesis in Brassica Napus Microspores Produces a Callosic Subintinal Layer and Abnormal Cell Walls with Altered Levels of Callose and Cellulose. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.01018Paul, D. C., & Goff, C. W. (1973). 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