Control of disinfection by-products and biodegradable organic matter through biological treatment

L'objectif de ce projet, commun à l'Agence Américaine pour la Protection de l'Environnement (USEPA) et l'Université de Cincinnati, est d'optimiser l'usage de la préozonation associée à des procédés biologiques pour le traitement de l'eau de la rivière Ohio en vue de produire une eau biologiquement stable, d'éliminer une partie importante de la demande en chlore, et de réduire le potentiel de formation des sous-produits de la disintection. Ce projet a été conduit à l'échelle pilote et à l'échelle du laboratoire. Pour le traitement biologique, des bioréacteurs, contenant un film biologique sur un sable acclimaté aux eaux de la rivière Ohio, ont été utilisé.Une attention particulière a été portée à l'étude des sous-produits de la disinfection (DBPs) et de leurs précurseurs.Les résultats de l'ozonation ont démontré la formation d'aldéhydes : formaidéhyde, méthyl glyoxal, glyoxal et acétaldéhyde. A l'exception du formaldéhyde, les aldéhydes augmentent avec l'augmentation de la dose d'ozone, puis se stabilisent à un rapport d'ozone/carbone organique total (O3/COT) de 0,7 mg/mg. La formaldéhyde continue à augmenter proportionnellement aux doses d'ozone. Après traitement biologique, la concentration en aldéhydes diminue au dessous de 1 µg/l.L'augmentation de la dose d'ozone augmente le carbone organique assimilable (COA), (COA P17 ou COA-NOX), ainsi que le carbone organique dissous biodégradable (CODE). Le COA atteint un maximum pour une dose O3/COT de 2 mg/mg, alors que le COU continue à augmenter avec l'augmentation de la dose d'ozone jusqu'à une dose O3/COT de 3 mg/mg.La demande en chlore est réduite par les deux traitements, soit l'ozonation soit les procédés biologiques, respectivement de 75 % par l'ozonation et 55 % par les traitements biologiques.Des résultats similaires ont été trouvés en ce qui concerne l'effet des différentes doses d'ozone et des traitements biologiques sur les précurseurs des composés organiques halogénés totaux (TOX), les trihalométhanes (THMs) et les acides acétiques halogénés (HAAs). Les précurseurs sont mesurés par le potentiel de formation (FP), (conditions expérimentales : 12 mg/l de chlore, 7 jours de contact, 25 °C et pH 6,5 - 7,2). A une dose d'O3/COD de 0,4 mg/mg, les TOXFP, les THMFP et les HAAFP sont diminué de 28 %, 23 %, et 33 % respectivement. L'abattement des TOXFP et des THMFP continue légèrement avec une augmentation de la dose d'ozone, alors que les HAAFP sont diminués de façon plus marquée avec une dose d'O3/COD de 0,87 mglmg. Avec le traitement biologique et même sans préozonation, les TOXFP, les THMFP et les HAAFP diminuent de 39 %, 38 %, et 73 % respectivement. Avec le couplage de l'ozonation et le traitement biologique, les TOXFP et les THMFP sont diminués de 30 à 50 %. Les HAAFP se stabilisent entre 30 et 40 µg/l pour toutes les doses étudiées.Le potentiel de formation de chloropicrine augmente par l'ozonation mais est réduit de suite par le traitement biologique, jusqu'à moins de 0,2 µg/l.Donc, pour éliminer les sous-produits de la disinfection, la concentration optimale d'ozone pour l'eau de la rivière Ohio serait entre 0,6 à 1,0 mg/mg (O3/COT).En conclusion, l'ozonation diminue la demande en chlore ainsi que les précurseurs des composés organiques halogénés (TOX, THM et HAA). Par contre, l'ozonation produit des autres sous-produits comme les aldéhydes et le chloropicrine et augmente le COA et le COD biodégradable, qui sert par la suite de substrat aux microorganismes. Les procédés biologiques sont efficaces pour diminuer les sous-produits d'oxydation, la demande en chlore et les précurseurs des composés organiques halogénés (TOX, THM et HAA).Cet abattement permettra l'application de moins de chlore pour maintenir un résiduel dans le réseau et permettra aux usines d'atteindre des normes plus sévères que celles qui sont en effet maintenant.The optimal use of ozonation as a pretreatment process prior to biological treatment of Ohio River water was investigated at both the bench (batch) and pilot-plant (continuous flow) scale. The study focused on disinfection by-products (DBPs) and DBP precursor compounds and on the production of biologically stable water. Biotreatment was achieved using a bench-scale fixed-film reactor with sand acclimated to the raw Ohio River water.Ozonation was found to create a number of aldehydes, in particular formaldehyde, methyl glyoxal, glyoxal and acetaldehyde. With the exception of formaldehyde, a plateau in the aldehyde yield occurred at an ozone to total organic carbon (03/TOC) ratio of 0,7 mg/mg, while formaldehyde increased with increasing ozone dose. After biotreatment, the concentration of aldehydes were below 1 µg/1. Increasing ozone doses were also found to increase the assimilable organic carbon (AOC), by both NOX and P17 procedures, and the biodegradable dissolved organic carton (BDOC). The AOC values showed a maximum at about an 03/TOC ratio of 2 mg/mg, white the BDOC continued to increase with the highest ozone dose : an 03/TOC ratio of 2,8 mg/mg.Both ozonation and biotreatment were fond to decrease the chlorine demand by up to 75 % for ozonation and 55 % for biotreatment.Similar trends were found for the impact of ozonation and biotreatment on the precursor compounds for total organic halogen (TOX), total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and total haloacetic acids (THAAs), as measured by the formation potential (FP) test : 12 mg/l chlorine, 7 days, 25 °C, 6.5-7.2 pH. An ozone dose of 0.4 03/DOC (mg/mg) decreased the TOXFP, TTHMFP and THAAFP by 28 %, 23 % and 33 %, respectively. Further increases in ozone only marginally increased the amount of the TOXFP and TTHMFP removed, white a maximum removal of 53 % of the THAAFP occurred at 03/DOC ratio of 0.87 mg/mg. Biotreatment of the nonozonated samples yielded 39 %, 38 % and 73 % removal of the TOXFP, TTHMFP and THAAFP, respectively. Biotreatment of the ozonated sample yielded a 30 to 50 % reduction in TOXFP and TTHMFP, while a constant level of 30 to 40 µg/l of THAAFP was achieved. Chloropicrin formation potential increased with ozone dose, but subsequent biotreatment reduced it to below 0.2 µg/l.Ozonation was Pound to oxidize chorine demand and the precursors for TOX, THM and HAAs. However, it created chloropicrin precursors, aldehydes and other biodegradable organic matter. Biotreatment was found to further reduce the chlorine demand, the precursors for TOX, THMs and HAAs and reduce the ozone created disinfection by-products

Robustness and Enhancement of Neural Synchronization by Activity-Dependent Coupling

We study the synchronization of two model neurons coupled through a synapse having an activity-dependent strength. Our synapse follows the rules of Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP). We show that this plasticity of the coupling between neurons produces enlarged frequency locking zones and results in synchronization that is more rapid and much more robust against noise than classical synchronization arising from connections with constant strength. We also present a simple discrete map model that demonstrates the generality of the phenomenon.Comment: 4 pages, accepted for publication in PR

Gamma and beta frequency oscillations in response to novel auditory stimuli: A comparison of human electroencephalogram (EEG) data with in vitro models

Investigations using hippocampal slices maintained in vitro have demonstrated that bursts of oscillatory field potentials in the gamma frequency range (30-80 Hz) are followed by a slower oscillation in the beta 1 range (12-20 Hz). In this study, we demonstrate that a comparable gamma-to-beta transition is seen in the human electroencephalogram (EEG) in response to novel auditory stimuli. Correlations between gamma and beta 1 activity revealed a high degree of interdependence of synchronized oscillations in these bands in the human EEG. Evoked (stimulus-locked) gamma oscillations preceded beta 1 oscillations in response to novel stimuli, suggesting that this may be analogous to the gamma-to-beta shift observed in vitro. Beta 1 oscillations were the earliest discriminatory responses to show enhancement to novel stimuli, preceding changes in the broad-band event-related potential (mismatch negativity). Later peaks of induced beta activity over the parietal cortex were always accompanied by an underlying gamma frequency oscillation as seen in vitro. A further analogy between in vitro and human recordings was that both gamma and beta oscillations habituated markedly after the initial novel stimulus presentation

Explanation and elaboration of the SQUIRE (Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence) Guidelines, V.2.0: examples of SQUIRE elements in the healthcare improvement literature

Since its publication in 2008, SQUIRE (Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence) has contributed to the completeness and transparency of reporting of quality improvement work, providing guidance to authors and reviewers of reports on healthcare improvement work. In the interim, enormous growth has occurred in understanding factors that influence the success, and failure, of healthcare improvement efforts. Progress has been particularly strong in three areas: the understanding of the theoretical basis for improvement work; the impact of contextual factors on outcomes; and the development of methodologies for studying improvement work. Consequently, there is now a need to revise the original publication guidelines. To reflect the breadth of knowledge and experience in the field, we solicited input from a wide variety of authors, editors and improvement professionals during the guideline revision process. This Explanation and Elaboration document (E&E) is a companion to the revised SQUIRE guidelines, SQUIRE 2.0. The product of collaboration by an international and interprofessional group of authors, this document provides examples from the published literature, and an explanation of how each reflects the intent of a specific item in SQUIRE. The purpose of the guidelines is to assist authors in writing clearly, precisely and completely about systematic efforts to improve the quality, safety and value of healthcare services. Authors can explore the SQUIRE statement, this E&E and related documents in detail at http://www.squire-statement.org

Invariance and variability in interaction error-related potentials and their consequences for classification

© 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd. Objective. This paper discusses the invariance and variability in interaction error-related potentials (ErrPs), where a special focus is laid upon the factors of (1) the human mental processing required to assess interface actions (2) time (3) subjects. Approach. Three different experiments were designed as to vary primarily with respect to the mental processes that are necessary to assess whether an interface error has occurred or not. The three experiments were carried out with 11 subjects in a repeated-measures experimental design. To study the effect of time, a subset of the recruited subjects additionally performed the same experiments on different days. Main results. The ErrP variability across the different experiments for the same subjects was found largely attributable to the different mental processing required to assess interface actions. Nonetheless, we found that interaction ErrPs are empirically invariant over time (for the same subject and same interface) and to a lesser extent across subjects (for the same interface). Significance. The obtained results may be used to explain across-study variability of ErrPs, as well as to define guidelines for approaches to the ErrP classifier transferability problem

Measuring the quality and quantity of professional intrapartum support: Testing a computerised systematic observation tool in the clinical setting

Background: Continuous support in labour has a significant impact on a range of clinical outcomes, though whether the quality and quantity of support behaviours affects the strength of this impact has not yet been established. To identify the quality and quantity of support, a reliable means of measurement is needed. To this end, a new computerised systematic observation tool, the ‘SMILI' (Supportive Midwifery in Labour Instrument) was developed. The aim of the study was to test the validity and usability of the ‘Supportive Midwifery in Labour Instrument' (SMILI) and to test the feasibility and acceptability of the systematic observation approach in the clinical intrapartum setting. Methods: Systematic observation was combined with a postnatal questionnaire and the collection of data about clinical processes and outcomes for each observed labour. The setting for the study was four National Health Service maternity units in Scotland, UK. Participants in this study were forty five midwives and forty four women. The SMILI was used by trained midwife observers to record labour care provided by midwives. Observations were undertaken for an average of two hours and seventeen minutes during the active first stage of labour and, in 18 cases, the observation included the second stage of labour. Content validity of the instrument was tested by the observers, noting the extent to which the SMILI facilitated the recording of all key aspects of labour care and interactions. Construct validity was tested through exploration of correlations between the data recorded and women's feelings about the support they received. Feasibility and usability data were recorded following each observation by the observer. Internal reliability and construct validity were tested through statistical analysis of the data. Results: One hundred and four hours of labour care were observed and recorded using the SMILI during forty nine labour episodes. Conclusion: The SMILI was found to be a valid and reliable instrument in the intrapartum setting in which it was tested. The study identified that the SMILI could be used to test correlations between the quantity and quality of support and outcomes. The systematic observational approach was found to be an acceptable and feasible method of enquiry

Never gonna GIF you up:Analyzing the cultural significance of the animated GIF

The animated Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is a digital file format with a long history within internet cultures and digital content. Emblematic of the early Web, the GIF fell from favor in the late 1990s before experiencing a resurgence that has seen the format become ubiquitous within digital communication. While the GIF has certain technical affordances that make it highly versatile, this is not the sole reason for its ubiquity. Instead, GIFs have become a key communication tool in contemporary digital cultures thanks to a combination of their features, constraints, and affordances. GIFs are polysemic, largely because they are isolated snippets of larger texts. This, combined with their endless, looping repetition, allows them to relay multiple levels of meaning in a single GIF. This symbolic complexity makes them an ideal tool for enhancing two core aspects of digital communication: the performance of affect and the demonstration of cultural knowledge. The combined impact of these capabilities imbues the GIF with resistant potential, but it has also made it ripe for commodification. In this article, we outline and articulate the GIF’s features and affordances, investigate their implications, and discuss their broader significance for digital culture and communication

Performance breakdown effects dissociate from error detection effects in typing

Mistakes in skilled performance are often observed to be slower than correct actions. This error slowing has been associated with cognitive control processes involved in performance monitoring and error detection. A limited literature on skilled actions, however, suggests that preerror actions may also be slower than accurate actions. This contrasts with findings from unskilled, discrete trial tasks, where preerror performance is usually faster than accurate performance. We tested 3 predictions about error-related behavioural changes in continuous typing performance. We asked participants to type 100 sentences without visual feedback. We found that (a) performance before errors was no different in speed than that before correct key-presses, (b) error and posterror key-presses were slower than matched correct key-presses, and (c) errors were preceded by greater variability in speed than were matched correct key-presses. Our results suggest that errors are preceded by a behavioural signature, which may indicate breakdown of fluid cognition, and that the effects of error detection on performance (error and posterror slowing) can be dissociated from breakdown effects (preerror increase in variability). © 2013 © 2013 The Experimental Psychology Society

Electrophysiological correlates of reinforcement learning in young people with Tourette syndrome with and without co-occurring ADHD symptoms

Altered reinforcement learning is implicated in the causes of Tourette syndrome (TS) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). TS and ADHD frequently co-occur but how this affects reinforcement learning has not been investigated. We examined the ability of young people with TS (n = 18), TS+ADHD (N = 17), ADHD (n = 13) and typically developing controls (n = 20) to learn and reverse stimulus-response (S-R) associations based on positive and negative reinforcement feedback. We used a 2 (TS-yes, TS-no) x 2 (ADHD-yes, ADHD-no) factorial design to assess the effects of TS, ADHD, and their interaction on behavioural (accuracy, RT) and event-related potential (stimulus-locked P3, feedback-locked P2, feedback-related negativity, FRN) indices of learning and reversing the S-R associations. TS was associated with intact learning and reversal performance and largely typical ERP amplitudes. ADHD was associated with lower accuracy during S-R learning and impaired reversal learning (significantly reduced accuracy and a trend for smaller P3 amplitude). The results indicate that co-occurring ADHD symptoms impair reversal learning in TS+ADHD. The implications of these findings for behavioural tic therapies are discussed

Internal and external information in error processing

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The use of self-generated and externally provided information in performance monitoring is reflected by the appearance of error-related and feedback-related negativities (ERN and FRN), respectively. Several authors proposed that ERN and FRN are supported by similar neural mechanisms residing in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. The present study is aimed to test the functional relationship between ERN and FRN. Using an Eriksen-Flanker task with a moving response deadline we tested 17 young healthy subjects. Subjects received feedback with respect to their response accuracy and response speed. To fulfill both requirements of the task, they had to press the correct button and had to respond in time to give a valid response.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>When performance monitoring based on self-generated information was sufficient to detect a criterion violation an ERN was released, while the subsequent feedback became redundant and therefore failed to trigger an FRN. In contrast, an FRN was released if the feedback contained information which was not available before and action monitoring processes based on self-generated information failed to detect an error.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The described pattern of results indicates a functional interrelationship of response and feedback related negativities in performance monitoring.</p