Uji Daya Hidup Bakteri Asam Laktat Dari Usus Itik Pada Media Tumbuh Dengan Penambahan Variasi Konsentrasi Molasis

This study aims to determine differences in the viability of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolates on MRS medium supplemented with various concentrations molasses. Concentration variation molasis used as controls were 0%, 1%, 2% and 3%. Variation of time incubation on each of the media that is 0 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. The viability of each isolate was viewed with the population of Log (cells/ml) which grow on the medium and the number of generations and time of generations. The results showed that the concentration molasses added to MRS affect the viability of LAB. Concentration of 1% makes LAB better viability than controls. Total population continues to increase at the end of the incubation with a yield of 1.17 generations in time 20.46 hours/generation. In contrast to controls, reduced population size at the end of the incubation so as not to produce a generation. LAB viability in addition molasses 2% and 3% live on 48 hours of incubation. This is indicated by the number of population increased at 48 hours of incubation, and then decreased at the end of incubation. The addition of concentration variation in the types of bacteria showed different viability. At B1 adding molasses 2% and 3% live on 48 hours of incubation and control can only live on a 24 hours incubation, whereas the B3, the control can remain alive at 48 hours of incubation. In contrast to the controls on B4 can survive on 48 hours of incubation, whereas the addition of 3% molasses can only live on a 24 hours incubation

Analisa Biaya Dan Permintaan Pada Penetapan Harga Marginal Unit Rumah Di Perumahan Royal Regency, Lumajang

Perumahan merupakan kebutuhan primer yang harus dipenuhi oleh manusia. Meningkatnya populasi penduduk dikota Lumajang, yang menyebabkan bertambahnya kebutuhan hunian yang layak. Banyak pengembang memanfaatkan peluang tersebut untuk berinvestasi dibidang properti dengan membangun Perumahan. Royal Regency salah satu Perumahan di Lumajang Metode yang digunakan menggunakan metode harga marginal dengan mempertemukan kurva biaya dan permintaan. Pada kurva biaya diperoleh melalui analisa biaya tetap dan biaya variabel, dan didapat dari data sekunder. Kurva permintaan diperoleh dari isian kuisioner penerimaan konsumen terhadap tingkat harga yang ditinjau menggunakan data primer yang diperoleh melalui survei konsumen. Berdasarkan analisa yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh bahwa, didapatkan hasil persamaan kurva biaya untuk tipe 61 yaitu yaitu P =171.829.724Q + 6.518.861.376 dan untuk tipe 91 sebesar sebesar P = 254.099.085Q + 10.963.539.587, sedangkan persamaan kurva permintaan untuk tipe 61 yaitu P = -12.008.733,62Q + 532.368.995,6 dan untuk tipe 91 sebesar P=-8.538.142,36Q + 623.563.676,99. Biaya marginal unit rumah untuk tipe 61 sebesar Rp. 340.229.258 untuk 16 unit dan untuk 91 sebesar Rp 48435.724.545 untuk 22 uni

The Level of Efficiency Comparison of Indirect Hypothesis Testing and The Total Effect of Bootstrap and Jackknife Resampling Based on Path Analysis (Studies on SRD and Firm Value Determination Models)

The main of objective study is to find out and analyze the direct impact of Corporate Governance Structure, Corporate Posture, Board Qualification & Experience, Sustainability Reporting Regulations on Sustainability Reporting Disclosure, and Firm Value. Secondary data was taken from the Companys Annual Report and Sustainability Reporting from 2013-2020. Path Analysis based on Jackknife and Bootstrap resampling was carried out to find the best coefficient. The results prove that Corporate Governance Structure, Board Qualification & Experience, and Sustainability Reporting Regulations have a significant effect on Sustainability Reporting Disclosure, but Corporate Posture does not have a significant effect on Sustainability Reporting Disclosure. Corporate Governance Structure and Sustainability Reporting Disclosures have a significant effect on Firm Value. In addition, the indirect effect results prove that Corporate Governance Structure followed by Sustainability Reporting Disclosure will increase the Firm Value, Corporate Posture followed by Sustainability Reporting Disclosure will decrease the Firm Value, Board Qualification & Experience followed by Sustainability Reporting Disclosure is not significant in increasing the Firm Value, Sustainability Reporting Regulations followed by Sustainability Reporting Disclosure will increase the Firm Value. This study develops the concepts of Corporate Governance Structure, Corporate Posture, Board Qualification & Experience, Sustainability Reporting Regulations regarding Sustainability Reporting Disclosure, and Firm Value

Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi’s iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events

The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back 40 Myr ago. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesi’s fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that more recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted diversification, and that much of its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructions with genetic and morphometric data sets derived from Sulawesi’s three largest mammals: the Babirusa, Anoa, and Sulawesi warty pig. Our results indicate that although these species most likely colonized the area that is now Sulawesi at different times (14 Myr ago to 2-3 Myr ago), they experienced an almost synchronous expansion from the central part of the island. Geological reconstructions indicate that this area was above sea level for most of the last 4 Myr, unlike most parts of the island. We conclude that emergence of land on Sulawesi (~1–2 Myr) may have allowed species to expand synchronously. Altogether, our results indicate that the establishment of the highly endemic faunal assemblage on Sulawesi was driven by geological events over the last few million years

Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi's iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events

The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back to 40 Ma. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesi's fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that more recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted diversification and that much of its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructions with genetic and morphometric datasets derived from Sulawesi's three largest mammals: the babirusa, anoa and Sulawesi warty pig. Our results indicate that although these species most likely colonized the area that is now Sulawesi at different times (14 Ma to 2-3 Ma), they experienced an almost synchronous expansion from the central part of the island. Geological reconstructions indicate that this area was above sea level for most of the last 4 Myr, unlike most parts of the island. We conclude that emergence of land on Sulawesi (approx. 1-2 Myr) may have allowed species to expand synchronously. Altogether, our results indicate that the establishment of the highly endemic faunal assemblage on Sulawesi was driven by geological events over the last few million years

Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi's iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events

The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back to 40 Ma. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesi’s fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that more recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted diversification and that much of its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructionswithgenetic andmorphometric datasets derived from Sulawesi’s three largest mammals: the babirusa, anoa and Sulawesi warty pig. Our results indicate that although these species most likely colonized the area that is now Sulawesi at different times (14 Ma to 2-3 Ma), they experienced an almost synchronous expansion from the central part of the island. Geological reconstructions indicate that this area was above sea level for most of the last 4 Myr, unlike most parts of the island. We conclude that emergence of land on Sulawesi (approx. 1-2 Myr) may have allowed species to expand synchronously. Altogether, our results indicate that the establishment of the highly endemic faunal assemblage on Sulawesiwas driven by geological events over the last few million years

The conserved 5′ apical hairpin stem loops of bamboo mosaic virus and its satellite RNA contribute to replication competence

Satellite RNAs associated with Bamboo mosaic virus (satBaMVs) depend on BaMV for replication and encapsidation. Certain satBaMVs isolated from natural fields significantly interfere with BaMV replication. The 5′ apical hairpin stem loop (AHSL) of satBaMV is the major determinant in interference with BaMV replication. In this study, by in vivo competition assay, we revealed that the sequence and structure of AHSL, along with specific nucleotides (C60 and C83) required for interference with BaMV replication, are also involved in replication competition among satBaMV variants. Moreover, all of the 5′ ends of natural BaMV isolates contain the similar AHSLs having conserved nucleotides (C64 and C86) with those of interfering satBaMVs, suggesting their co-evolution. Mutational analyses revealed that C86 was essential for BaMV replication, and that replacement of C64 with U reduced replication efficiency. The non-interfering satBaMV interfered with BaMV replication with the BaMV-C64U mutant as helper. These findings suggest that two cytosines at the equivalent positions in the AHSLs of BaMV and satBaMV play a crucial role in replication competence. The downregulation level, which is dependent upon the molar ratio of interfering satBaMV to BaMV, implies that there is competition for limited replication machinery

Antibacterial activity of some selected medicinal plants of Pakistan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Screening of the ethnobotenical plants is a pre-requisite to evaluate their therapeutic potential and it can lead to the isolation of new bioactive compounds.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The crude extracts and fractions of six medicinal important plants (<it>Arisaema flavum</it>, <it>Debregeasia salicifolia</it>, <it>Carissa opaca</it>, <it>Pistacia integerrima</it>, <it>Aesculus indica</it>, and <it>Toona ciliata</it>) were tested against three Gram positive and two Gram negative ATCC bacterial species using the agar well diffusion method.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The crude extract of <it>P. integerrima </it>and <it>A. indica </it>were active against all tested bacterial strains (12-23 mm zone of inhibition). Other four plant's crude extracts (<it>Arisaema flavum</it>, <it>Debregeasia salicifolia</it>, <it>Carissa opaca</it>, and <it>Toona ciliata</it>) were active against different bacterial strains. The crude extracts showed varying level of bactericidal activity. The aqueous fractions of <it>A. indica </it>and <it>P. integerrima </it>crude extract showed maximum activity (19.66 and 16 mm, respectively) against <it>B. subtilis</it>, while the chloroform fractions of <it>T. ciliata </it>and <it>D. salicifolia </it>presented good antibacterial activities (13-17 mm zone of inhibition) against all the bacterial cultures tested.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The methanol fraction of <it>Pistacia integerrima</it>, chloroform fractions of <it>Debregeasia salicifolia </it>&<it>Toona ciliata </it>and aqueous fraction of <it>Aesculus indica </it>are suitable candidates for the development of novel antibacterial compounds.</p